维基百科

威拉米特河

俄勒岡州西北部的主要河流

威拉米特河（Willamette River），源出美國喀斯喀特山脈，由Coast河（Coast）和Middle河（Middle）等河匯合而成，流經俄勒岡州西南部。在波特蘭（Portland）西北注入哥倫比亞河。長約480公里，沿河是農牧業地區。威拉米特河長期飽受污染物質侵擾。

Willamette River
威拉米特河
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威拉米特河流經波特蘭，攝於1988年
名称起源：From a Clackamas Native American village name[1]
国家  美國
省/州/邦  俄勒冈州
支流
 - 左侧支流 Coast Fork Willamette River、Long Tom River、Marys River、Luckiamute River、Yamhill River、Tualatin River
 - 右侧支流 Middle Fork Willamette River、McKenzie River、Calapooia River、Santiam River、Molalla River、克拉克默斯河
城市 尤金、科瓦利斯、奥尔巴尼、塞勒姆、Newberg, OR、Wilsonville, OR、波特蘭
源头 起源于俄勒冈海岸山脉（英语：Oregon Coast Range）与喀斯喀特山脉的Middle Fork Willamette River与Coast Fork Willamette River汇合
 - 位置 俄勒冈州雷恩縣尤金附近
 - 海拔 438 ft（134 m）[2]
河口 哥倫比亞河
 - 位置 俄勒冈州姆尔特诺默县波特蘭
 - 海拔 10 ft（3 m）[2]
长度 187 mi（301 km）[3]
流域面积 11,478 mi²（29,730 km²）[4]
流量 Morrison Bridge, Portland, 12.8英里（20.6公里） from mouth [a]
 - 平均流量 33,010 ft³/s（900 m³/s）
 - 最大流量 420,000 ft³/s（11,900 m³/s）
 - 最小流量 4,200 ft³/s（100 m³/s）
威拉米特河流域图
维基共享资源：Willamette River
威拉米特河流經波特蘭

注解 编辑

  1. ^ These are the average, maximum, and minimum flows recorded during the period of record (1973–2015) for this gauge.[5] The greatest recorded Willamette flood, which occurred in December 1861, produced a much larger maximum of 635,000立方英尺每秒（18,000立方米每秒） in Portland.[6]

參考文獻 编辑

  1. ^ Bright, p. 567
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Willamette River. Geographic Names Information System. U.S. Geological Survey. November 28, 1980 [June 25, 2010]. （原始内容存档于2023-11-04）.  Source and mouth elevation derived from Google Earth search using GNIS source and mouth coordinates.
  3. ^ Facts About the Willamette River. Willamette Riverkeeper. [November 16, 2016]. （原始内容存档于2016-10-31）. 
  4. ^ Robbins, William G. Willamette River. The Oregon Encyclopedia. Portland State University and the Oregon Historical Society. [May 19, 2014]. （原始内容存档于2020-12-04）. 
  5. ^ Water-Year Summary for Site USGS 14211720. U.S. Geological Survey. [January 8, 2017]. （原始内容存档于2022-01-24）. 
  6. ^ Willamette River Multi-Purpose Development in the 1930s (PDF). Army Engineers and the Development of Oregon: A History of the Portland District U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers: 107. 1983. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于February 21, 2014）. 

伸延閱讀 编辑

  • — "Oregon Water Quality Index Summary Report, Water Years 1998–2007" (PDF), May 2008. Oregon Department of Environmental Quality. Retrieved April 10, 2011.
  • Benke, Arthur C., ed., and Cushing, Colbert E., ed.; Stanford, Jack A.; Gregory, Stanley V.; Hauer, Richard F.; Snyder, Eric B. (2005). "Chapter 13: Columbia River Basin" in Rivers of North America. Burlington, Massachusetts: Elsevier Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-088253-1. OCLC 59003378.
  • Bright, William (2004). Native American Placenames of the United States. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-3576-X. OCLC 53019644.
  • Campbell, Lyle (1997). American Indian Languages. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1. OCLC 247389024.
  • Deur, Douglas; Turner, Nancy J. (2005). Keeping it Living: Traditions of Plant Use and Cultivation on the Northwest Coast of North America. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 0-7748-1267-2. OCLC 57316620.
  • Edwards, G. Thomas; Schwantes, Carlos A. (1986). Experiences in a Promised Land: Essays in Pacific Northwest History. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 0-295-96328-X. OCLC 12805717.
  • Engeman, Richard H. (2009). The Oregon Companion: A Historical Gazetteer of the Useful, the Curious, and the Arcane. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. ISBN 0-88192-899-2. OCLC 236142647.
  • Gulick, Bill (2004). Steamboats on Northwest Rivers. Caldwell, Idaho: Caxton Press. ISBN 0-87004-438-9. OCLC 53000219.
  • Holman, Frederick Van Voorhies (1907). Dr. John McLoughlin, the Father of Oregon. Cleveland, Ohio: A. H. Clark Company. ISBN 1-131-13770-1. OCLC 365933029.
  • Laenen, Antonius; Dunnette, David A. (1997). River Quality: Dynamics and Restoration. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 1-56670-138-4. OCLC 34885999.
  • Loy, Willam G.; Allan, Stuart Allan; Buckley, Aileen R.; Meecham, James E. (2001) [1976]. Atlas of Oregon (2nd ed.). Eugene, Oregon: University of Oregon Press. ISBN 0-87114-101-9. OCLC 228223337.
  • Mackie, Richard Somerset (1997). Trading Beyond the Mountains: the British Fur Trade on the Pacific, 1793–1843. Vancouver: UBC Press. ISBN 0-7748-0613-3. OCLC 82135549.
  • McArthur, Lewis A.; McArthur, Lewis L. (2003) [1928]. Oregon Geographic Names (7th ed.). Portland, Oregon: Oregon Historical Society Press. ISBN 0-87595-277-1. OCLC 53075956.
  • Meinig, D.W. The Shaping of America: A Geographical Perspective on 500 Years of History, Volume 3: Transcontinental America, 1850–1915. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. 1998. ISBN 0-300-08290-8. OCLC 60197763. 
  • Orr, Elizabeth L.; Orr, William N. (1999). Geology of Oregon (5th ed.). Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company. ISBN 0-7872-6608-6. OCLC 42944922.
  • Ruby, Robert H.; Brown, John A. The Chinook Indians: Traders of the Lower Columbia River. Civilization of the American Indian. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. 1976. ISBN 0-8061-2107-6. OCLC 1958350. 
  • Samson, Karl (2010). Frommer's Oregon. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 0-470-53771-X. OCLC 671277501.
  • Smith, Dwight A.; Norman, James B.（英语：James B. Norman）; Dykman, Pieter T. (1989) [1986]. Historic Highway Bridges of Oregon (2nd ed.). Portland, Oregon: Oregon Historical Society Press. ISBN 0-87595-205-4. OCLC 20362124.
  • Snipp, C. Matthew (1989). American Indians: The First of This Land. New York, New York: Russell Sage Foundation. ISBN 0-87154-822-4. OCLC 19670797.
  • Stenzel, Franz (1972). Cleveland Rockwell: Scientist and Artist, 1837–1907. Portland, Oregon: Oregon Historical Society. ISBN 0-87595-037-X. OCLC 333762.
  • Thornton, Russell. American Indian Holocaust and Survival: A Population History Since 1492. Civilization of the American Indian. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. 1990. ISBN 0-8061-2220-X. OCLC 263150623. 
  • Timmen, Fritz. Blow for the Landing. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer. 1973. OCLC 38286714. 
  • U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey. Report of the Superintendent of the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey Showing the Progress of the Work during the Fiscal Year Ending with June 1886. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 1887. OCLC 28937852. 
  • Wilkes, Charles. Narrative of the United States' Exploring Expedition, During the Years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842: Condensed and abridged. London: Whittaker and Co. 1845. OCLC 602918838. 
  • Williams, Travis. The Willamette River Field Guide. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. 2009. ISBN 0-88192-866-6. OCLC 243601804. 
  • Wortman, Sharon Wood; Wortman, Ed.; Norman, James B. (2006). The Portland Bridge Book (3rd ed.). Portland, Oregon: Urban Adventure Press. ISBN 0-9787365-1-6. OCLC 76928209.

外部連結 编辑

维基共享资源中相关的多媒体资源：威拉米特河
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