福尔诺沃战役
福尔诺沃战役是第一次意大利戰爭的主要戰役，於1495年7月6日發生於離帕爾馬西南50公里的福尔诺沃進行。威尼斯聯盟在這次战役中未能將法軍驅逐出意大利半島。
| 福尔诺沃战役 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 第一次意大利战争的一部分 | |||||||
 《Bataille de Fornoue，6 juillet 1495》，法王查理八世和巴亞爾騎士 | |||||||
| |||||||
| 参战方 | |||||||
 法国瓦盧瓦王朝 |
 曼切華公国 | ||||||
| 指挥官与领导者 | |||||||
|
查理八世 貝亞爾 |
弗朗切斯科·貢扎加二世 | ||||||
| 兵力 | |||||||
| 10,000-11,000人[2][3] | 20,000-21,500人[4][2][5] | ||||||
| 伤亡与损失 | |||||||
|
100–200人死亡[6][5][2] 200人受傷[5][2] |
3,350-4,000人死亡[5][2][6] 未知受傷 | ||||||
過程 编辑
1495年7月，进入意大利半岛的法国国王查理八世，在福爾諾沃地区（帕尔马东南）遭受到由英国、神圣罗马帝国、米兰公国、威尼斯共和国、教皇国组成的神圣联盟的军队的追击，联军主体为来自威尼斯和米兰的雇佣军。7月6日，由于缺乏食物，法军在该地发起进攻，與當時意大利僱傭兵戰爭中常見的戰法不同，法軍以炮轟開場，打算盡可能重創敵軍。接著用重騎兵衝鋒，在短短幾分鐘內摧毀了敵軍陣型。
註腳 编辑
- ^ Mallett & Hale 1984，第56頁.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Tucker 2010，第361頁.
- ^ Nolan 2006，第303頁.
- ^ Mallett & Shaw 2012，第31頁.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Dupuy 1993，第462頁.
- ^ 6.0 6.1 Nolan 2006，第304頁.
參考資料 编辑
- Birtachas, Stathis. Stradioti, Cappelletti, Compagnie or Milizie Greche: 'Greek' Mounted and Foot Troops in the Venetian State (Fifteenth to Eighteenth Centuries). Theotokis, Georgios; Yıldız, Aysel (编). A Military History of the Mediterranean Sea. 2018.
- Dupuy, Trevor N. Harper Encyclopedia of Military History. HarperCollins. 1993. ISBN 978-0-06-270056-8.
- Kuiper, Kathleen (编). The 100 Most Influential Painters & Sculptors of the Renaissance. Britannica Educational Publishing. 2009.
- Luzio, Alessandro; Renier, Rodolfo. Francesco Gonzaga alla Battaglia di Fornovo (1495) Secondo I Documenti Mantovani. Archivio Storico Italiano Serie V (Casa Editrice Leo S. Olschki s.r.l.). 1890,. 6, No. 179: 205-246 （意大利语）.
- Mallett, M. E.; Hale, J. R. The Military Organisation of a Renaissance State: Venice c. 1400 to 1617. Cambridge studies in early modern history. Cambridge University Press. 1984. ISBN 978-0-521-24842-6.
- Mallett, Michael; Shaw, Christine. The Italian Wars 1494–1559. Modern Wars in Perspective. Harlow: Pearson. 2012. ISBN 978-0-582-05758-6.
- Malipiero, Domenico. Annali veneti dall'anno 1457 al 1500. Firenze. 1843 （意大利语）.
- Nicolle, David. Fornovo 1495: France's Bloody Fighting Retreat. Praeger illustrated military history series. Westport Connecticut: Osprey. 2005. ISBN 978-0-275-98850-0.
- Nolan, Cathal. The Age Of Wars Of Religion, 1000–1650: An Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization A-K I. Westport Connecticut: Greenwood Press. 2006. ISBN 978-0-313-33733-8.
- Oman, Charles. A History of The Art of War in the Sixteenth Century. Stackpole Books. 1987.
- Palmer, William. The Problem of Ireland in Tudor Foreign Policy, 1485–1603. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. 1994. ISBN 978-0-85115-562-3.
- Ritchie, Robert. Historical Atlas of The Renaissance. Thalamus Publishing. 2004. ISBN 978-0-8160-5731-3.
- Santosuosso, Antonio. Anatomy of Defeat in Renaissance Italy: The Battle of Fornovo in 1495. The International History Review (Taylor & Francis, Ltd.). 1994,. 16, No. 2 (May): 221-250.
- Setton, Kenneth M. The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume II: The Fifteenth Century. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society. 1978. ISBN 0-87169-127-2 （英语）.
- Taylor, Frederick Lewis. The Art of War in Italy 1494–1529: Prince Consort Prize Essay 1920. Cambridge library collection. European History. Cambridge University Press. 1921. OCLC 967401725 –通过Archive Foundation.
- Theotokis, Georgios; Yıldız, Aysel (编). A Military History of the Mediterranean Sea: Aspects of War, Diplomacy, and Military Elites. History of Warfare (118) e-book. Leiden/Boston: Brill. 2018. ISBN 978-90-04-36204-8.
- Tucker, Spencer C. A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East I. ABC-CLIO. 2010 [2022-03-14]. ISBN 978-1-85109-672-5. （原始内容存档于2021-04-14）.