雙臼椎龍科
雙臼椎龍科（屬名：Polycotylidae）是蛇頸龍目的其中一個科，是群大型蛇頸龍類，生存於白堊紀，並且是长锁龙科的姐妹分類。
双臼椎龙科 化石时期：
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| 三尖股龍，生存於白堊紀晚期的堪薩斯州 | |
科学分类 
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| 界： | 动物界 Animalia |
| 门： | 脊索动物门 Chordata |
| 纲： | 爬行綱 Reptilia |
| 目： | †蛇頸龍目 Plesiosauria |
| 演化支： | †新蛇頸龍類 Neoplesiosauria |
| 亚目： | †蛇頸龍亞目 Plesiosauroidea |
| 科： | †双臼椎龙科 Polycotylidae Williston, 1909 |
| 屬 | |
雙臼椎龍科包含相當多的種類。雙臼椎龍科擁有較短的頸部與大且瘦長的頭部，乍看之下牠們類似上龍類；不過一些系統發生學研究顯示牠們與蛇頸龍亚目擁有更多共同特徵。牠們的化石分布在世界各地，包括美國、加拿大、日本、摩洛哥、澳洲、紐西蘭、南美洲、以及俄罗斯等地區[1]。
種系發生學 编辑
| 蛇頸龍目 |
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以下演化樹來自於2010年的蛇頸龍類種系發生學研究[4]：
| 蛇頸龍亞目 |
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| 蛇頸龍亞目 |
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本科包括以下属：
- Ceraunosaurus Thurmond, 1968
- 長喙龍屬 Dolichorhynchops Williston, 1902
- 埃德加龍屬 Edgarosaurus Druckenmiller, 2002
- 始双臼椎龙属 Eopolycotylus Albright, Gillette & Titus, 2007
- Georgiasaurus Ochev, 1977
- 曙泳龍 Manemergus Buchy, Métayer & Frey, 2005
- Mauriciosaurus Frey, Mulder, Stinnesbeck, Rivera-Sylva, Padilla Gutierrez & González González, 2017
- Mauriciosaurus fernandezi Frey, Mulder, Stinnesbeck, Rivera-Sylva, Padilla-Gutiérrez & González-González, 2017[6]
- Pahasapasaurus Schumacher, 2007
- Palmula Albright, Gillette & Titus, 2007
- 跗节龙属 Palmulasaurus Albright, Gillette & Titus, 2007
- 雙臼椎龍屬 Polycotylus Cope, 1869
- 蛇鱷龍屬 Serpentisuchops Persons, Street & Kelley, 2022
- Sulchusuchus Gasparini & Spalletti, 1990
- Sulcusuchus Gasparini & Spalletti, 1990
- 水神龙属 Thililua Bardet, Pereda Suberbiola & Jalil, 2003
- 三尖股龙属 Trinacromerum Cragin, 1888
參考資料 编辑
- ^ Druckenmiller, Patrick S. and Russell, Anthony P. Earliest North American Occurrence Of Polycotylidae (Sauropterygia: Plesiosauria) From The Lower Cretaceous (Albian) Clearwater Formation, Alberta, Canada (PDF). Journal of Paleontology. 2009, 83 (6): 361–392. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-07-06）.
- ^ Albright III, L. B., Gillette, D. D., and Titus, A. L., 2007b. Plesiosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Turonian) Tropic Shale of southern Utah, part 2: polycotylidae 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期2011-09-28.. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, v. 27, n. 1, p. 41-58.
- ^ Schumacher, B. A., 2007, A new polycotylid plesiosaur (Reptilia; Sauropterygia) from the Greenhorn Limestone (Upper Cretaceous; lower upper Cenomanian), Black Hills, South Dakota: In: The Geology and Paleontology of the Late Cretaceous marine deposits of the Dakotas, edited by Martin, J. E., and Parris, D. C., The Geological Society of America, Special Paper 427, p. 133-146.
- ^ Ketchum, H. F., and Benson, R. B. J. Global interrelationships of Plesiosauria (Reptilia, Sauropterygia) and the pivotal role of taxon sampling in determining the outcome of phylogenetic analyses. Biological Reviews. 2010, 85: 361–392. PMID 20002391. doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.2009.00107.x.
- ^ Hilary F. Ketchum and Roger B. J. Benson. A new pliosaurid (Sauropterygia, Plesiosauria) from the Oxford Clay Formation (Middle Jurassic, Callovian) of England: evidence for a gracile, longirostrine grade of Early-Middle Jurassic pliosaurids. Special Papers in Palaeontology. 2011, 86: 109–129. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2011.01083.x.
- ^ Eberhard Frey, Eric W.A. Mulder, Wolfgang Stinnesbeck, Héctor E. Rivera-Sylva, José Manuel Padilla-Gutiérrez and Arturo Homero González-González. 2017. A New Polycotylid Plesiosaur with Extensive Soft Tissue Preservation from the early Late Cretaceous of northeast Mexico. Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana. 69(1); 87–134.
- Palæos: The Vertebrates, Lepidosauromorpha: Cryptocleidoidea: Tricleidia