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User:ATannedBurger/唐納·蘇德蘭 (探險家)

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  此页面介紹的是一名19世紀末的紐西蘭探險家。关于曾參演電影《飢餓遊戲》的同名演員，请见「唐纳德·萨瑟兰」。
唐納·蘇德蘭
1888年的蘇德蘭
出生约1843/1844
蘇格蘭凱瑟尼斯郡維克
逝世1919年10月24日 (75/76歲)
紐西蘭米爾福德峽灣
职业探險家
士兵

唐納·蘇德蘭（英語：Donald Sutherland，1843/1844年 – 1919年10月24日）是一位生於蘇格蘭的19世紀末紐西蘭探險家。蘇德蘭生於蘇格蘭維克，並在義大利統一運動期間於千人團中服役。蘇德蘭後來到紐西蘭奧塔哥大區掏金，並在之後加入紐西蘭軍隊和參與紐西蘭土地戰爭。1877年，蘇德蘭開始在米爾福德峽灣中隱居，並在這段期間探索峽灣。在蘇德蘭結婚之後，他和他的妻子在峽灣裡運營一間旅社直到蘇德蘭過世。當地的蘇德蘭瀑布即以他命名。

早年 编辑

蘇德蘭於1843到1844年間在維克出生。在蘇德蘭16歲時，他加入一個駐紮在喬治堡（英语：Fort George, Highland）的民兵組織，並在之後在千人團中擔任志願役。1860年，千人團在拿坡里解散，蘇德蘭回到英國並擔任國內船運的水手。[1]

定居紐西蘭 编辑

在搭乘阿爾弗雷德王子號抵達但尼丁後，蘇德蘭離開了海運公司[1]。當時因為在鄰近的加布里埃爾隘谷（英语：Gabriel's_Gully）曾發現黃金使整個奧塔哥陷入一股淘金潮[2]，蘇德蘭也到了隘谷附近開始淘金，但沒有獲得任何成功。於是在1863年12月，蘇德蘭前往北島成為一名民兵，並在之後參與了紐西蘭土地戰爭。作為一名運水兵，蘇德蘭曾被允諾得到鄰近劍橋（英语：Cambridge, New Zealand）的一塊地，但是過了不久因為蘇德蘭想成為一名海豹獵人而離開了部隊，前往南島的菲奧德蘭。然而蘇德蘭最後無法成為一名優秀的海豹獵人，於是他在西岸大區重操舊業，繼續淘金。[1]

擔任武裝警衛 编辑

1868年，由於淘金失敗，蘇德蘭加入了當時的紐西蘭常駐武裝警衛隊（該警衛隊為紐西蘭國防軍的前身）並參與了許多和當地毛利人的武裝衝突。He was involved in the fighting in the South Taranaki during the campaign against the Māori war chief Riwha Tītokowaru. He was also present at the siege of Ngatapa from December 1868 to January 1869, during the East Cape wars. He acted as a scout after fighting at Tauranga-ika and was involved in the pursuit of Tītokowaru's men following their abandonment of the pā (hillfort) there. In the mistaken belief that a bounty was offered for the head of any captives, he decapitated those he caught. 蘇德蘭最後以下士的軍階退役，並在之後得到一枚紐西蘭戰爭勳章（英语：New Zealand War Medal）。[1][3]

米爾福德峽灣 编辑

 
蘇德蘭瀑布

蘇德蘭在退役後加入紐西蘭汽船勤務處，擔任船隻的引航員，並在1877年回到菲奧德蘭定居。He had visited the area a number of times while working NZGSS vessels. Sailing from Dunedin with only a dog for company, he reached the Milford Sound on 3 December. Basing himself at Freshwater Basin, a site close to Bowen Falls, he constructed a three-room hut. Further dwellings were built later and he drew up plans for a settlement for what he called the city of Milford. He looked for gold, asbestos and bowenite.[1][4][5]

In 1878, Sutherland invited James McKay to join him in his hunt for gold. Finding none, the two used funds and provisions afforded by the Lake County to scout for a route between Milford Sound and Queenstown. He was unsuccessful in finding a pass through the mountains but did locate the track used by Māori to travel between Milford and Bligh Sounds.[6][7] In doing so, he was the first European to sight the waterfall that is now named for him. Originally it was claimed to be well over 1,000米（3,300英尺） in height and the highest in the world, but Sutherland Falls is actually only 580米（1,900英尺） high. It is still New Zealand's highest waterfall.[8][9]

By the early 1880s, McKay had left Milford, believing there was no gold to be had in the area. This left Sutherland as the only permanent resident in Milford Sound. In 1883, while sailing down the coast in his vessel Porpoise, he discovered another feature that is named for him, Sutherland Sound.[1][7][10] The same year, he attempted to climb Mitre Peak.[11] His failure to reach the summit was galling and he later attempted to discredit the first ascent made in 1911 by Jim Dennistoun.[12] His observations from his exploration of Milford Sound and the surrounding area were communicated to Alexander McKay, a geologist, who in August 1884 reported these to the Wellington Philosophical Society.[13]

For much of the next several years, Sutherland lived alone in Milford Sound, only receiving visits every six months or so when the NZGSS steamers Hinemoa or Stella called in.[1] In 1888, he was contracted to make a track from Milford through to Sutherland Falls. This took six months, and now forms part of the Milford Track.[14] He made occasional visits to Dunedin, and on one of these, in 1890, he married Elizabeth 本姓Samuels, a widower originally from England. The couple, using Elizabeth's money, purchased land on which the Chalet, an accommodation facility, was built. This catered to the increasing number of tourists visiting the area in the summer months via the Milford Track or by ship. Among them was the historian James Cowan, with whom Sutherland scouted in the area for diamonds.[1]

晚年 编辑

在蘇德蘭僅剩的歲月裡，他的姪子來到米爾福德峽灣和蘇德蘭的妻子一起經營木屋旅社[1]。 在紐西蘭政府（英语：Tourism New Zealand）的推動下，當地的觀光業在20世紀近趨成熟By the 1900s, the tourism trade in the area was becoming well developed, encouraged by the government's Tourism Board.[15] In response, Sutherland began raising livestock at Milford for fresh meat. 蘇德蘭最後在1919年10月24日因病逝世。When he died, his wife was the only individual present at Milford Sound. Unable to bury her large-framed husband, she had to wait five weeks for the next visit of the Hinemoa before his body could be interred. His wife remained at Milford, running the Chalet until she sold it to the New Zealand government in 1922. She stayed on in Milford Sound and died on 10 December 1923. She is buried alongside her husband in a grave behind the Chalet.[1][16]

註腳 编辑

  1. ^ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 Parham, W. T. Sutherland, Donald. Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 
  2. ^ Walrond, Carl. Gold and gold mining – Otago. Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Ministry of Culture and Heritage. [17 July 2021]. 
  3. ^ Belich 1998，第268頁.
  4. ^ Cowan 1935，第271–273頁.
  5. ^ Hall-Jones 1976，第61頁.
  6. ^ Hall-Jones 1976，第62–63頁.
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 McClymont 1940，第182–183頁.
  8. ^ Cowan 1935，第274–275頁.
  9. ^ Sutherland Falls 'discovered'. New Zealand History. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. [17 July 2021]. 
  10. ^ Hall-Jones 1976，第64頁.
  11. ^ The 'Magnificent' Mitre Peak. Stuff. 27 October 2014 [17 July 2021]. 
  12. ^ Pascoe 1983，第146頁.
  13. ^ McKay 1884，第454–455頁.
  14. ^ Hall-Jones 1976，第65頁.
  15. ^ Wright 2009，第262頁.
  16. ^ Hall-Jones 1976，第76頁.

參考文獻 编辑

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