User:Avit4799/沙盒
坐标：37°48′10″N 122°26′48″W / 37.80278°N 122.44667°W
艺术宫 | |
 2004年拍摄的艺术宫外景 | |
| 地点 | 里昂街3301号，旧金山，加州 |
|---|---|
| 占地面积 | 17英亩 |
| 建筑师 | William Gladstone Merchant; Bernard Maybeck |
| NRHP编号 | 004000659[1] |
| NRHP收录 | 2005年12月5日 |
艺术宫，位于加州旧金山市。这座建筑是为巴拿马太平洋万国博览会修建的，目的是在此展示美术作品。这座建筑是那次万国博览会后少数被保存下来的建筑之一，并且是唯一被保存在原址的建筑。它在1965年被重建，但是对人工湖和走廊的整修，以及增加抗震加固设备，直到2009年初才完成。
艺术宫对于旅游者和当地居民来说，到现在仍是一处著名的旅游景点，也是旧金山湾区居民们举行婚礼、拍摄婚纱照的常去地点。在阿纳海姆的迪士尼加州冒险乐园中还有一个微缩版的艺术宫。[2]
历史 编辑
艺术宫是巴拿马太平洋万国博览会上十个重要的场馆之一。[3]这座建筑是由美国设计师伯纳德·梅贝克设计的，他设计这座建筑的灵感是从古希腊和古罗马建筑中得来的。[4] 大多数的展馆在博览会后都被拆掉了，但是艺术宫深受旧金山人的欢迎——甚至有一个旧金山人创立了一个保护艺术宫的团体——所以艺术宫得以保留到现在。[5]
For a time the Palace housed a continuous art exhibit, and during the Great Depression, W.P.A. artists were commissioned to replace the deteriorated Robert Reid murals on the ceiling of the rotunda. From 1934 to 1942 the exhibition hall was home to eighteen lighted tennis courts. During World War II it was requisitioned by the Army for storage of trucks and jeeps. At the end of the war, when the United Nations was created in San Francisco, limousines used by the world's statesmen came from a motor pool there. From 1947 on the hall was put to various uses: as a city Park Department warehouse; as a telephone book distribution center; as a flag and tent storage depot; and even as temporary Fire Department headquarters.[6]
While the Palace had been saved from demolition, its structure was not stable. Originally intended to only stand for the duration of the Exhibition, the colonnade and rotunda were not built of durable materials, and thus framed in wood and then covered with staff, a mixture of plaster and burlap-type fiber. As a result of the construction and vandalism, by the 1950s the simulated ruin was in fact a crumbling ruin.
In 1964 the original Palace was completely demolished, with only the steel structure of the exhibit hall left standing. The buildings were then reconstructed in permanent, light-weight, poured-in-place concrete, and steel I-beams were hoisted into place for the dome of the rotunda. All the decorations and sculpture were constructed anew. The only changes were the absence of the murals in the dome, two end pylons of the colonnade, and the original ornamentation of the exhibit hall.
In 1969 the former Exhibit Hall became home to the Exploratorium interactive museum, and in 1970 also became the home of the 1,000 seat Palace of Fine Arts Theater.[7]
Today, Australian eucalyptus trees fringe the eastern shore of the lagoon. Many forms of wildlife have made their home there including swans, ducks (particularly migrating fowl), geese, turtles, frogs, and raccoons.
设计 编辑
Built around a small artificial lagoon, The Palace of Fine Arts is composed of a wide, 1100 foot pergola, an arch formed by rows of Corinthian columns framing a wide walkway, around a central rotunda situated by the water.[8] The lagoon was intended to echo those found in classical settings in Europe, where the expanse of water provides a mirror surface to reflect the grand buildings and an undisturbed vista to appreciate them from a distance.
Ornamentation includes Bruno Louis Zimm's three repeating panels around the entablature of the rotunda representing "The Struggle for the Beautiful" symbolizing Greek culture.[9] while Ulric Ellerhusen supplied the weeping women atop the colonnade[10] and the sculptured frieze and allegorical figures representing Contemplation, Wonderment and Meditation.[11][12]
The underside of the Palace rotunda's dome features eight large insets, which originally contained murals by Robert Reid. Four of the murals depicted the conception and birth of Art, "its commitment to the Earth, its progress and acceptance by the human intellect," and four depicted the "golds" of California (poppies, citrus fruits, metallic gold, and golden wheat).[13]
其他被保存下来的建筑 编辑
艺术宫并不是在博览会后惟一被保留下来的建筑。日本茶室（并不是1894年加州冬至国际博览会中修建在金门公园里的的那个）在1915年时被收购，并被转移到了加州的贝尔蒙，在那里一直被保留到现在。[14]威斯康辛州和弗吉尼亚州的展馆被搬迁到了马林县。俄亥俄州展馆被船运到圣马特奥县，在那里一直保留到20世纪50年代。[4] “进步之柱”在博览会结束之后被保留了十年。但是之后为了保证滨海大道的交通通畅而拆除。旧金山市政礼堂也是在博览会后被保留在原地的建筑，但是它不是在展览场地内修建的，1992年10月13日，它被以一年前坠机身亡的摇滚音乐会经纪人比尔·格雷厄姆（Bill Graham）重新命名为比尔·格雷厄姆市政礼堂。
图集 编辑
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1915年的艺术宫 -
白天的艺术宫和水里的倒影 -
柱廊 -
从内部向外的视角 -
艺术宫和人工湖 -
艺术宫和喷泉
在大众文化中 编辑
艺术宫外面的人工湖以及其穹顶经常被用来作为背景出现。
在电影中 编辑
- 迷魂记 (1958)
- 一次又一次 (1979)
- 锯齿边缘 (1985)
- Kuffs (1992)
- 我嫁给了一个斧凶手 (1993)
- 勇闯夺命岛 (1996)
- 另一个姐妹 (1999)
- 单身汉 (1999)
- 房间 (2003)
- 双绞线 (2004)
在电视节目中 编辑
在电子游戏中 编辑
在小说中 编辑
参见 编辑
参考资料 编辑
- ^ National Register Information System. National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. 2009-03-13.
- ^ Golden Dreams. Disney's California Adventure. Walt Disney Company. [2007-05-11]. （原始内容存档于2007-04-06）.
- ^ The Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco: Panama-Pacific International Exposition, San Francisco, 1915
- ^ 4.0 4.1 McCoy, Esther. Five California Architects. New York: Reinhold Publishing Corporation. 1960: 6. ASIN B000I3Z52W. 引用错误：带有name属性“mccoy”的
<ref>标签用不同内容定义了多次 - ^ The Palace of Fine Arts: A Short History
- ^ The Palace of Fine Arts: Rebuilding
- ^ Palace of Fine Arts, Official Website, background
- ^ A Treasury of World's Fair Art & Architecture: Palace of Fine Arts
- ^ Palace of Fine Arts, San Francisco Marina Neighborhood
- ^ The Architecture and Landscape Gardening of the Exposition, A Pictorial Survey of the Most Beautiful Architectural Compositions of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition by Louis Christian Mullgardt
- ^ Exhibition of American Sculpture Catalogue, 156th Street of Broadway New York, The National Sculpture Society 1923 p.55
- ^ Macomber, Ben. The Palace of Fine Arts and its Exhibit, With the Awards. The Jewel City: Its Planning and Achievement; Its Architecture, Sculpture, Symbolism, and Music; Its Gardens, Palaces, and Exhibits. San Francisco and Tacoma: John H. Williams, Publisher. 1915.
- ^ The Art of the Exposition by Eugen Neuhaus
- ^ History of The Vans restaurant
- ^ Carman, John. Letterman's Guest List. Hearst Communications Inc. [7 June 2011].
外部链接 编辑
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