User:PexEric/中华人民共和国核试验列表

核试验
1964年,596工程原子弹爆炸的蕈状云
基本信息
国家 中华人民共和国
试验地点A区域(Nanshan), Lop Nur, China; B区域(Qinggir), Lop Nur, China; C区域(Beishan), Lop Nur, China; D区域(Drop Area), Lop Nur, China
时期1964—1996
次数47
引爆方法air drop, atmospheric, cratering, high alt rocket (30–80 km), parachuted, 塔爆 underground, underground shaft, tunnel
最大当量4百萬公噸黃色炸藥(17拍焦耳)
使用下方服务在地图上显示“中国核试验”中所有坐标: OpenStreetMap

中华人民共和国核试验列表记录了1964年至1996年间中华人民共和国进行的系列核试验。大多数统计结果表明,中国使用45个装置进行了45次核试验,其中有23次为大气层试验。所有试验都是在新疆罗布泊偏远地区的试验基地中进行的[1][2]

列表

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中华人民共和国核武器测试与爆炸事件
名称[注 1] 测试时间(UTC 地点英语List of nuclear weapon explosion sites[注 2] 海拔与高度[注 3] 运送方式、
试验目的[注 4]
装置名英语List of nuclear weapons[注 5] 当量[注 6] 辐射尘[注 7] References Notes
596工程 1964年10月16日 07:00:?? D区域(Drop Area), Lop Nur, China 40°48′45″N 89°47′24″E / 40.81246°N 89.7901°E / 40.81246; 89.7901 (Project 596) 807米(2,648英尺) + 102米(335英尺) 塔爆 NGB 22 kt [3][4][5] This pure-fission U-235 implosion fission device named "596" was China's first nuclear test. The device weighed 1,550公斤(3,420磅). No was available at that time.
CHIC-2 1965年5月14日 02:00:??
1965年5月13日[6]
D区域(Drop Area), Lop Nur, China ~ 41°30′N 88°30′E / 41.5°N 88.5°E / 41.5; 88.5 (CHIC-2) 807米(2,648英尺) + 500米(1,600英尺) air drop, NGB 35 kt [3][4][5] Militarized version of 596 dropped by Hong-6.
CHIC-3 1966年5月9日 08:00:?? D区域(Drop Area), Lop Nur, China 40°47′11″N 89°43′37″E / 40.7864°N 89.727°E / 40.7864; 89.727 (CHIC-3) 807米(2,648英尺) + air drop, Soviet Sloika design 250 kt [3][4][5] First use of -6 in a Soviet sloika design (other source says it was boosted fission); probably test of a thermonuclear primary. Said to have dropped on a 640英尺(200米) white circle.
CHIC-4 1966年10月27日 01:10:?? Launch from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center, China 41°18′28″N 100°18′55″E / 41.30782°N 100.31528°E / 41.30782; 100.31528 (Launch_CHIC-4), elv: 1,035加0米(3,396加0英尺);
Detonation over D区域(Drop Area), Lop Nur, China ~ 41°30′N 88°30′E / 41.5°N 88.5°E / 41.5; 88.5 (CHIC-4)
N/A + 569米(1,867英尺) high alt rocket (30–80 km),
weapons development
东风系列导弹 warhead "548" 12 kt [3][4][5] Delivery by CSS-1 MRBM Dong Feng-2 launched from Shuangchengzi Air Base, 894 km(556 mi) east of detonation.
CHIC-5 1966年12月28日 04:00:?? D区域(Drop Area), Lop Nur, China ~ 41°30′N 88°30′E / 41.5°N 88.5°E / 41.5; 88.5 (CHIC-5) 807米(2,648英尺) + 102米(335英尺) 塔爆 300 kt [3][4][5] Boosted fission (U235); test used to confirm the design principles of a two-stage device.
CHIC-6英语Test No. 6 1967年6月17日 00:19:08.2 D区域(Drop Area), Lop Nur, China 40°44′38″N 89°46′30″E / 40.744°N 89.775°E / 40.744; 89.775 (CHIC-6) 807米(2,648英尺) + 2,960米(9,710英尺) parachuted, NGB/DF-3 warhead 3.3 Mt [3][4][5][7] China's first full-yield multi-stage thermonuclear test (U235).
CHIC-7 1967年12月24日 07:30:22.1 D区域(Drop Area), Lop Nur, China ~ 41°30′N 88°30′E / 41.5°N 88.5°E / 41.5; 88.5 (CHIC-7) 807米(2,648英尺) + air drop, 20 kt [3][4][5] Fizzled英语fizzle (nuclear test) thermonuke. Exact time of 07:30:22.1 verified by USAF AFTAC duty operator William Scott. Recorded air burst signal scaled by Scott the next day at Turkmen Deh, Iran. Erroneous reports exist that show a time of 04:00:00.
CHIC-8 1968年12月27日 07:30:?? D区域(Drop Area), Lop Nur, China ~ 41°30′N 88°30′E / 41.5°N 88.5°E / 41.5; 88.5 (CHIC-8) 807米(2,648英尺) + air drop, NGB/DF-3 warhead 3 Mt [3][4][5] First use of plutonium.
CHIC-9 1969年9月22日 16:14:59.21 B区域(Qinggir), Lop Nur, China 41°22′34″N 88°19′05″E / 41.376°N 88.318°E / 41.376; 88.318 (CHIC-9) 1,440米(4,720英尺) + tunnel, 19.2 kt [3][4][5][7] Tunnel test in Nan Shan (South Mountain) that vented to surface.
CHIC-10 1969年9月29日 08:40:12.36 D区域(Drop Area), Lop Nur, China 40°43′19″N 89°30′54″E / 40.722°N 89.515°E / 40.722; 89.515 (CHIC-10) 807米(2,648英尺) + air drop, NGB/DF-3 warhead 3 Mt [3][4][5][7]
CHIC-11 1970年10月14日 07:29:56.91 D区域(Drop Area), Lop Nur, China 40°31′12″N 89°46′44″E / 40.52°N 89.779°E / 40.52; 89.779 (CHIC-11) 807米(2,648英尺) + air drop, NGB/DF-3 warhead 3.4 Mt [3][4][5][7]
CHIC-12 1971年11月18日 06:00:?? D区域(Drop Area), Lop Nur, China ~ 41°30′N 88°30′E / 41.5°N 88.5°E / 41.5; 88.5 (CHIC-12) 807米(2,648英尺) + cratering, 20 kt [3][4][5][8] Only Chinese cratering test.
CHIC-13 1972年1月7日 07:00:?? D区域(Drop Area), Lop Nur, China ~ 41°30′N 88°30′E / 41.5°N 88.5°E / 41.5; 88.5 (CHIC-13) 807米(2,648英尺) + air drop, tactical NW? (KB-1?) 8 kt [3][4][5] Air dropped from Qiang-5 attack jet. See story of launch:[9]
CHIC-14 1972年3月18日 06:00:?? D区域(Drop Area), Lop Nur, China ~ 41°30′N 88°30′E / 41.5°N 88.5°E / 41.5; 88.5 (CHIC-14) 807米(2,648英尺) + air drop, 170 kt [3][4][5] Fizzled英语fizzle (nuclear test) thermonuke.
(15) 1973年6月27日 03:59:46.29 D区域(Drop Area), Lop Nur, China 40°47′55″N 89°48′33″E / 40.7985°N 89.8091°E / 40.7985; 89.8091 ((15)) 807米(2,648英尺) + air drop, NGB/DF-3 warhead 3 Mt [3][4][5][7] High altitude explosion.
(16) 1974年6月17日 05:59:52.72 D区域(Drop Area), Lop Nur, China 40°31′05″N 89°37′08″E / 40.518°N 89.619°E / 40.518; 89.619 ((16)) 807米(2,648英尺) + atmospheric, BM warhead ? 1 Mt [3][4][5][7]
(17) 1975年10月27日 00:59:58.23 B区域(Qinggir), Lop Nur, China 41°22′30″N 88°19′34″E / 41.375°N 88.326°E / 41.375; 88.326 ((17)) 1,440米(4,720英尺) + tunnel, 2.5 kt [3][4][5][7] In a tunnel in Bei Shan (North Mountain).
(18) 1976年1月23日 06:00:?? D区域(Drop Area), Lop Nur, China ~ 41°30′N 88°30′E / 41.5°N 88.5°E / 41.5; 88.5 ((18)) 807米(2,648英尺) + atmospheric, unknown yield [3][4][5]
(19) 1976年9月26日 06:00:?? D区域(Drop Area), Lop Nur, China ~ 41°30′N 88°30′E / 41.5°N 88.5°E / 41.5; 88.5 ((19)) 807米(2,648英尺) + atmospheric, 200 kt [3][4][5] Fizzle英语fizzle (nuclear test).
(20) 1976年10月17日 04:59:58.8 A区域(Nanshan), Lop Nur, China 41°42′58″N 88°22′22″E / 41.716°N 88.3727°E / 41.716; 88.3727 ((20)) + tunnel, 2.6 kt [3][4][5][7]
(21) 1976年11月17日 06:00:12.7 D区域(Drop Area), Lop Nur, China 40°41′46″N 89°37′37″E / 40.696°N 89.627°E / 40.696; 89.627 ((21)) 807米(2,648英尺) + air drop, DF-5 warhead ? 4 Mt [3][4][5][7] Largest Chinese test.
(22) 1977年9月17日 07:00:?? D区域(Drop Area), Lop Nur, China ~ 41°30′N 88°30′E / 41.5°N 88.5°E / 41.5; 88.5 ((22)) 807米(2,648英尺) + atmospheric, unknown yield [3][4][5]
(23) 1978年3月15日 05:00:?? D区域(Drop Area), Lop Nur, China ~ 41°30′N 88°30′E / 41.5°N 88.5°E / 41.5; 88.5 ((23)) 807米(2,648英尺) + atmospheric, 11 kt [3][4][5]
(24) 1978年10月14日 00:59:58.01 C区域(Beishan), Lop Nur, China: N1 41°32′23″N 88°46′01″E / 41.5398°N 88.767°E / 41.5398; 88.767 ((24)) 1,689米(5,541英尺) + underground shaft, 3.4 kt [3][4][5][7] First test in a vertical shaft.
(25) 1978年12月14日 D区域(Drop Area), Lop Nur, China ~ 41°30′N 88°30′E / 41.5°N 88.5°E / 41.5; 88.5 ((25)) 807米(2,648英尺) + atmospheric, unknown yield [3][4][5]
unnumbered failed test 1979年2月2日 D区域(Drop Area), Lop Nur, China ~ 41°30′N 88°30′E / 41.5°N 88.5°E / 41.5; 88.5 (unnumbered failed test) 807米(2,648英尺) + underground, 1 kt [10]
(26)
(aborted)
1979年9月13日 D区域(Drop Area), Lop Nur, China ~ 41°30′N 88°30′E / 41.5°N 88.5°E / 41.5; 88.5 ((26)) 807米(2,648英尺) + parachuted, no yield [3][4][5][10] Parachute failure, bomb crashed without detonation.
(27) 1980年10月16日 04:30:29.67 D区域(Drop Area), Lop Nur, China 40°43′08″N 89°39′04″E / 40.719°N 89.651°E / 40.719; 89.651 ((27)) 807米(2,648英尺) + atmospheric, ballistic missile warhead ? 1 Mt [3][4][5][7] Last atmospheric test in the world.
(28) 1982年10月5日 D区域(Drop Area), Lop Nur, China ~ 41°30′N 88°30′E / 41.5°N 88.5°E / 41.5; 88.5 ((28)) 807米(2,648英尺) + underground, 7 kt [3][4][5] Attempted neutron bomb, fizzle英语fizzle (nuclear test).
(29) 1983年5月4日 04:59:57.82 A区域(Nanshan), Lop Nur, China 41°43′22″N 88°21′55″E / 41.7227°N 88.3653°E / 41.7227; 88.3653 ((29)) + tunnel, 1 kt [3][4][5][7] Second attempt for neutron bomb, failure.
(30) 1983年10月6日 09:59:58.05 C区域(Beishan), Lop Nur, China: D1 41°32′28″N 88°43′15″E / 41.54124°N 88.7207°E / 41.54124; 88.7207 ((30)) 1,689米(5,541英尺) + underground shaft, unknown yield [3][4][5][7] Third neutron bomb attempt, failure.
(31) 1984年10月3日 05:59:57.99 C区域(Beishan), Lop Nur, China 41°34′15″N 88°43′37″E / 41.5709°N 88.7269°E / 41.5709; 88.7269 ((31)) 1,689米(5,541英尺) + underground shaft, unknown yield [3][4][5][7] Fourth neutron bomb attempt, failure.
(32) 1984年12月19日 05:59:58.34 A区域(Nanshan), Lop Nur, China 41°43′00″N 88°23′53″E / 41.7167°N 88.3981°E / 41.7167; 88.3981 ((32)) + tunnel, 15 kt [3][4][5][7] Fifth neutron bomb test, successful.
(33) 1987年6月5日 04:59:58.26 C区域(Beishan), Lop Nur, China: J1 41°33′12″N 88°44′27″E / 41.55338°N 88.74093°E / 41.55338; 88.74093 ((33)) 1,689米(5,541英尺) + underground shaft, Ju Lang-1 warhead ? 250 kt [3][4][5][7] Development of 2-300 kt warhead for JL-1 SLBM.
(34) 1988年9月29日 06:59:57.97 A区域(Nanshan), Lop Nur, China 41°43′30″N 88°21′32″E / 41.725°N 88.3588°E / 41.725; 88.3588 ((34)) + tunnel, tactical ERW ? 3 kt [3][4][5][7] Final proof test of neutron bomb.
(35) 1990年5月26日 07:59:57.94 C区域(Beishan), Lop Nur, China: C1 41°33′53″N 88°43′09″E / 41.56476°N 88.71912°E / 41.56476; 88.71912 ((35)) 1,689米(5,541英尺) + underground shaft, unknown yield [3][4][5][7] Unknown test device.
(36) 1990年8月16日 04:59:57.7 C区域(Beishan), Lop Nur, China: M2 41°32′35″N 88°44′01″E / 41.54298°N 88.73356°E / 41.54298; 88.73356 ((36)) 1,689米(5,541英尺) + underground shaft, 巨浪-1型潜射弹道导弹 warhead ? 189 kt [3][4][5][7] Development of 2-300 kt warhead for JL-1 SLBM.
(37) 1992年5月21日 04:59:57.45 C区域(Beishan), Lop Nur, China: N2 41°32′37″N 88°45′51″E / 41.5437°N 88.7641°E / 41.5437; 88.7641 ((37)) 1,689米(5,541英尺) + underground shaft, ballistic missile warhead ? 660 kt [3][4][5][7] China's largest underground test.
(38) 1992年9月25日 07:59:58.47 A区域(Nanshan), Lop Nur, China 41°43′00″N 88°22′36″E / 41.7167°N 88.3767°E / 41.7167; 88.3767 ((38)) + tunnel, 8 kt [3][4][5][7] Aspherical primary for DF-31; with this test stockpile development was reportedly complete.
unnumbered failed test 1992年11月2日 D区域(Drop Area), Lop Nur, China ~ 41°30′N 88°30′E / 41.5°N 88.5°E / 41.5; 88.5 (unnumbered failed test) 807米(2,648英尺) + underground, 1 kt [10] Test of insensitive high explosives in primary.
(39) 1993年10月5日 01:59:56.6 C区域(Beishan), Lop Nur, China: A2 41°35′24″N 88°42′11″E / 41.59°N 88.70312°E / 41.59; 88.70312 ((39)) 1,689米(5,541英尺) + underground shaft,
safety experiment
DF-31 warhead ? 80 kt [3][4][5][11] Aspherical primary for DF-31.
(40) 1994年6月10日 06:25:57.9 C区域(Beishan), Lop Nur, China: O1 41°31′43″N 88°42′44″E / 41.5287°N 88.7122°E / 41.5287; 88.7122 ((40)) 1,689米(5,541英尺) + underground shaft, DF-31 warhead ? 90 kt [3][5][8][12] Aspherical primary for DF-31.
(41) 1994年10月7日 03:25:58.1 C区域(Beishan), Lop Nur, China: H1 41°34′24″N 88°43′15″E / 41.5734°N 88.72084°E / 41.5734; 88.72084 ((41)) 1,689米(5,541英尺) + underground shaft,
safety experiment
DF-31 warhead ? 90 kt [3][5][11][12] Aspherical primary for DF-31.
(42) 1995年5月15日 04:05:57.8 C区域(Beishan), Lop Nur, China: K1 41°33′09″N 88°45′09″E / 41.5524°N 88.7524°E / 41.5524; 88.7524 ((42)) 1,689米(5,541英尺) + underground shaft,
safety experiment
DF-31 warhead ? 95 kt [3][5][11] Aspherical primary for DF-31.
(43) 1995年8月17日 00:59:57.7 C区域(Beishan), Lop Nur, China: L1 41°32′23″N 88°45′09″E / 41.53983°N 88.75255°E / 41.53983; 88.75255 ((43)) 1,689米(5,541英尺) + underground shaft,
safety experiment
DF-31 warhead ? 90 kt [3][5][12] Prompted Japanese Diet to lodge a protest and freeze grants to China.
(44) - 1 1996年6月8日 02:55:57.9 C区域(Beishan), Lop Nur, China: B1 41°34′36″N 88°41′14″E / 41.5768°N 88.68729°E / 41.5768; 88.68729 ((44) - 1) 1,689米(5,541英尺) + underground shaft, 50 kt [3][5][8][12] Test of insensitive high explosives in primary, DF-31 warhead.
(44) - 2 1996年6月8日 02:55:57.9 C区域(Beishan), Lop Nur, China: B1 41°34′36″N 88°41′14″E / 41.5768°N 88.68729°E / 41.5768; 88.68729 ((44) - 2) 1,689米(5,541英尺) + underground shaft, unknown yield [3][5][8] Test of insensitive high explosives in primary, DF-31 warhead.
(45) 1996年7月29日 01:48:57.8 A区域(Nanshan), Lop Nur, China 41°42′58″N 88°22′33″E / 41.7161°N 88.3757°E / 41.7161; 88.3757 ((45)) + tunnel, 3 kt [3][5][8] Test of insensitive high explosives in primary, DF-31 warhead.
  1. ^ 除已公开的名称外,使用已知的美国中央情报局代号;两者均无则直接按时间标注序号。如果测试取消或中止,日期、位置等使用已披露的计划预定数据。
  2. ^ 试验地点的大致名称与经纬度数据。对于火箭试验,除爆炸地点外,会另外列出已知的发射地点;部分数据(例如通过空投或空中爆炸)可能并不精确。符号“~”标注的位置可能与其他试验处于同一地区。
  3. ^ 海拔高度(elevation)是指爆炸点正下方的地面水平相对于海平面的高度;相对高度(height)是指通过塔架、气球、竖井、隧道、空投或其他装置增加或减少的额外距离。对于火箭爆炸,地面高度为“N/A”(不适用)。在某些情况下,例如“Plumbbob/John”,不清楚高度是绝对高度还是相对于地面的相对高度。留空表示未知,而“0”表示零。此列的排序使用海拔高度和相对高度的总和。
  4. ^ 包括武器研发、武器效应、安全测试、运输安全测试、战争、科学、联合核查以及工业/和平利用,这些类别还可以进一步细分。
  5. ^ 试验装置的名称(若已知)。问号“?”表示准确性存疑。特殊装置的昵称或代号用引号括注。请注意,此类信息可能不会被官方披露。
  6. ^ Estimated energy yield in tons, kilotons, and megatons. A ton of TNT equivalent is defined as 4.184 gigajoules (1 gigacalorie).
  7. ^ 除瞬发中子外对大气的放射性排放量(若已知)。测量到的物质仅限于碘-131(若提及),否则为所有物质。未列出表明未知;一般地,地下为无排放,非地下为所有物质;另外将根据已知信息,注明仅在现场测量或在现场外测量,以及测得的辐射能释放量。

概要

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China's nuclear testing series summary - Link to world summary of nuclear weapons tests英语List of nuclear weapons tests
Series or years Years covered Tests[Summ 1] Devices英语List of nuclear weapons fired Devices英语List of nuclear weapons with unknown yield Peaceful use tests英语Peaceful nuclear explosions Non-PTBT tests[Summ 2] 当量区间爆炸当量[Summ 3] 总当量(千吨)[Summ 4] Notes
nuclear test 1964–1996 47 48 7 23 0 to 4,000 24,409
Totals 1964-Oct-16 to 1996-Jul-29 47 48 7 23 0 to 4,000 24,409 Total country yield is 4.5% of all nuclear testing.
  1. ^ Includes all tests with potential for nuclear fission or fusion explosion, including combat use, singleton tests, salvo tests, zero yield fails, safety experiments, and bombs incapacitated by accidents but still intended to be fired. It does not include hydronuclear and subcritical tests, and misfires of a device which was subsequently fired successfully.
  2. ^ Number of tests which would have been in violation of the 部分禁止核試驗條約 of 1963, such as atmospheric, space or underwater tests. Some "peaceful use" cratering tests which should have been violations were protested, and later quietly dropped.
  3. ^ "Small" refers to a value greater than zero but less than 0.5 kt.
  4. ^ Some yields are described like "< 20 kt"; such are scored at one half of the numeric amount, i.e., yield of 10k in this example. "Unknown yield" adds nothing to the total.

参见

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参考资料

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  1. ^ China's nuclear tests. Monterey Institute of International Studies. [2014-08-15]. (原始内容存档于2013-12-05).  该参考资料的列表未收录如下的失败测试及后来被披露为两台设备同时进行的齐射测试。
  2. ^ 中國大百科全書編委會 (编). 中国核试验. 中国大百科全书 第二版. 2009. ISBN 9787500079583. 
  3. ^ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.18 3.19 3.20 3.21 3.22 3.23 3.24 3.25 3.26 3.27 3.28 3.29 3.30 3.31 3.32 3.33 3.34 3.35 3.36 3.37 3.38 3.39 3.40 3.41 3.42 3.43 3.44 3.45 China's nuclear tests: dates, yields, types, methods, and comments. Center for Nonproliferation Studies. June 1998 [2014-01-20]. (原始内容存档于2013-12-05). 
  4. ^ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18 4.19 4.20 4.21 4.22 4.23 4.24 4.25 4.26 4.27 4.28 4.29 4.30 4.31 4.32 4.33 4.34 4.35 4.36 4.37 4.38 Norris, Robert S.; Burrows, Andrew S.; Fieldhouse, Richard W. Nuclear Weapons Databook, Vol. 5: British, French, and Chinese Nuclear Weapons. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. 1994. 
  5. ^ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 5.16 5.17 5.18 5.19 5.20 5.21 5.22 5.23 5.24 5.25 5.26 5.27 5.28 5.29 5.30 5.31 5.32 5.33 5.34 5.35 5.36 5.37 5.38 5.39 5.40 5.41 5.42 5.43 5.44 5.45 Yang, Xiaoping; North, Robert; Romney, Carl. CMR Nuclear Explosion Database (Revision 3) (技术报告). SMDC Monitoring Research. 2000-08. 
  6. ^ In 1969 the date was identified as 13 May 1965 by an Australian journalist who described the first seven of China's nuclear tests. See: Francis James英语Francis James. The first Western look at the secret H-bomb centre in China. August 9, 1969: 10.  |journal=被忽略 (帮助). Or see the related article in 星期日泰晤士報 of June 15, 1969.
  7. ^ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14 7.15 7.16 7.17 7.18 7.19 7.20 Gupta, Vipin. Locating nuclear explosions at the Chinese test site near Lop Nor. Science and Global Security. 1995, 5 (2): 205–244 [2014-01-20]. Bibcode:1995S&GS....5..205G. doi:10.1080/08929889508426423. (原始内容存档于2016-03-04). 
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 Nuclear explosion database. SMDC. 2004 [2014-01-03]. (原始内容存档于2014-01-07). 
  9. ^ Bob Bergin. Recalling the H-Bomb that Almost Backfired – Yang Guoxiang, one of China's top test pilots, tells the story. Air & Space Magazine. August 2009 [3 July 2015]. (原始内容存档于4 July 2015). 
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Andryushin, L. A.; Voloshin, N. P.; Ilkaev, R. I.; Matushchenko, A. M.; Ryabev, L. D.; Strukov, V. G.; Chernyshev, A. K.; Yudin, Yu. A. Catalog of Worldwide Nuclear Testing (技术报告). Sarov, Russia: RFNC-VNIIEF. 1999 [2013-12-18]. (原始内容存档于2013-12-19). 
  11. ^ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Kim, Won-Young; Richards, Paul G.; Andrushkin, Vitaly; Ovtchinnikov, Vladimir. Borovoye digital seismogram archive for underground nuclear tests during 1966-1996 (PDF) (技术报告). LDEO. 2001-04-01 [2013-12-13]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2003-04-15). 
  12. ^ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Lewis, Jeffrey. The minimum means of reprisal: China's search for security in the nuclear age (PDF) (Ph. D. dissertation). 2004 [2014-01-20]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2013-12-29). 

Category:中华人民共和国核试验