佛教现代主义
佛教现代主义，又称现代佛教（英語：modern Buddhism）[1]、新佛教（英語：Neo-Buddhism）[2]、新乘佛教（英語：Neoyana）[3]，有时在西文中径直称为佛教[4]，统称在现代重新解释佛教的新运动[5][6][7]。佛教现代主义受到许多新文化和新思想影响，如西方一神論、理性主义、科学自然主义、浪漫主义等，和其他宗教的现代主义相仿[8]。例如，在一神论的影响下，一些新佛教派系将佛教神祗内化，使其为现代西方社会所接受[9]；而在科学自然主义和浪漫主义影响下，更强调佛教对当下生活、经验辩护、理性、心理和健康的益处[10]。
新佛教运动在学说和实践方面与主流的上座部佛教、大乘佛教和金刚乘佛教不同，佛教现代主义由西方的东方学家和具有改革意识的亚洲佛教徒共同创造，意在重新表述佛教概念，大多不再强调严格教义、宇宙论、仪式、僧侣制度、教士等级制度和偶像崇拜等传统[11]。“佛教现代主义”的概念在殖民及后殖民时代的亚洲宗教研究界流行，可以在路易·德拉瓦莱-普桑在1910年所著的文章中发现其运用[12]。
一些属于佛教现代主义的新兴佛教派别可归类为世俗佛教、左翼佛教；各地著名的新兴教派如印度的新乘佛教；台湾的人間佛教，法鼓山、佛光山、慈济基金会等团体；日本日莲佛教的創價學會，妹尾義郎所创之“新兴佛教”，同朋会运动及其后续分支；韩国的圆佛教；藏传佛教在西方传播的思想如新噶当巴；源自缅甸的内观运动；英国人僧护创立之三宝佛教社区；美国刺柏基金会等。
参见 编辑
参考文献 编辑
- ^ Lopez 2002，第10頁.
- ^ H. L. Seneviratne. The Work of Kings. University of Chicago Press. 1999: 25–27. ISBN 978-0-226-74866-5.
- ^ IRICS 2005 / Section: Media systems: their evolution and innovation. www.inst.at. [2023-04-07]. （原始内容存档于2007-08-06）.
- ^ Prebish & Baumann 2002.
- ^ McMahan 2008，第5–7, 32–33, 43–52頁.
- ^ Christopher W. Gowans. Buddhist Moral Philosophy: An Introduction. Routledge. 2014: 18–23, 91–94. ISBN 978-1-317-65935-8.
- ^ Donald S. Lopez. The Scientific Buddha: His Short and Happy Life. Yale University Press. 2012: 39–43, 57–60, 74–76, 122–124. ISBN 978-0-300-15913-4.
- ^ McMahan 2008，第6-10頁.
- ^ McMahan 2008，第54頁.
- ^ McMahan 2008，第63-68, 85-99, 114–116, 177, 250-251頁.
- ^ McMahan, David L., Buddhist Modernism, Oxford University Press, 2010, doi:10.1093/obo/9780195393521-0041
- ^ de la Vallee Poussin, Louis. VI. Buddhist Notes: Vedanta and Buddhism. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland (Cambridge University Press). 1910, 42 (1): 129–140 [2023-04-07]. doi:10.1017/s0035869x00081697. （原始内容存档于2020-02-27）., Quote: "A historical study of Neo-Buddhism would be very interesting, as an episode of the intellectual conquest of the East by the West and vice versa."
- Chitkara, M. G., Buddhism, Reincarnation, and Dalai Lamas of Tibet, APH, 1998
- Coleman, James William. The New Buddhism: The Western Transformation of an Ancient Tradition. Oxford University Press. 2002 [2023-04-07]. ISBN 978-0-19-515241-8. （原始内容存档于2023-01-16）.
- Flanagan, Owen, Science for Monks: Buddhism and Science: A BIT of The Really Hard Problem, MIT Press, 2014
- Hayes, Richard P., The Internet as Window onto American Buddhism, Queen, Christopher; Williams, Duncan Ryuken (编), American Buddhism: Methods and Findings in Recent Scholarship, Routledge, 2013
- Keown, Damien. Buddhism: A Very Short Introduction Kindle. Oxford University Press. 2000.
- Konik, Adrian, Buddhism and Transgression: The Appropriation of Buddhism in the Contemporary West, BRIIL, 2009
- Lamb, Christopher, Cosmology, myth and symbolism, Harvey, Peter (编), Buddhism, Bloomsbury Publishing, 2001
- Trainor, Kevin, Buddhism: The Illustrated Guide, Oxford University Press, 2004 [2023-04-07], ISBN 978-0-19-517398-7, （原始内容存档于2023-01-11）
- James, Alan; Jacqui, James. Modern Buddhism. Aucana. 1989. ISBN 0-9511769-1-9.
- James, William. The varieties of religious experience : a study in human nature. London: Longmans, Green & Co. June 1902: 534 [2023-04-07]. ISBN 0-585-23263-6. （原始内容存档于2023-06-22）.
- Josephson, Jason Ānanda. When Buddhism Became a "Religion": Religion and Superstition in the Writings of Inoue Enryō. Japanese Journal of Religious Studies. 2006, 33 (1): 143–168 [2023-04-07]. （原始内容存档于2023-04-07）.
- Lopez, Donald S., Jr. Buddhism & science : a guide for the perplexed. Buddhism and modernity. University of Chicago Press. 2008. ISBN 978-0-226-49312-1.
- Lopez, Donald S., Jr. A Modern Buddhist Bible. Beacon Press Books. 2002. ISBN 0-8070-1243-2.
- Masuzawa, Tomoko. The invention of world religions, or, How European universalism was preserved in the language of pluralism 1st. University of Chicago Press. May 2005: 359. ISBN 978-0-226-50988-4.
- McMahan, David L., The Making of Buddhist Modernism, Oxford University Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0-19-518327-6, doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195183276.001.0001
- Metraux, Daniel A. The International Expansion of a Modern Buddhist Movement: The Soka Gakkai in Southeast Asia and Australia. University Press of America. 2001. ISBN 978-0-7618-1904-2.
- Prebish, Charles S.; Baumann, Martin. Westward Dharma: Buddhism Beyond Asia. University of California Press. 2002. ISBN 0-520-23490-1.
- Satō, Giei; Nishimura, Nishin. Unsui: a Diary of Zen Monastic Life illustrated. University of Hawaii Press. 1973: 114 [28 May 2009]. ISBN 978-0-8248-0272-1.
- Sharf, Robert H. The Zen of Japanese Nationalism. History of Religions (The University of Chicago Press). August 1993, 33 (1): 1–43. ISSN 0018-2710. JSTOR 1062782. S2CID 161535877. doi:10.1086/463354.
- Suzuki, D. T. Barrett, William , 编. Zen Buddhism : selected writings of D.T. Suzuki. New York: Three Leaves. 1996: 294 [1956]. ISBN 978-0-385-48349-0.
- Queen, Christopher. Emmanuel, Steven M. , 编. A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy. John Wiley & Sons. 2015 [2023-04-07]. ISBN 978-1-119-14466-3. （原始内容存档于2023-01-11）.
- Verhoeven, Martin. Americanizing the Buddha: Paul Carus and the Transformation of Asian Thought. Prebish, Charles; Tanaka, Kenneth (编). The faces of Buddhism in America. University of California Press. 1998: 370. ISBN 978-0-520-21301-2.
- Webb, Russel. Heinz Bechert 26 June 1932-14. Buddhist Studies Review. 2005, 22 (2): 211–216 [2023-04-07]. （原始内容存档于2022-04-10）.
延伸阅读 编辑
- Sharf, R H (1995). Buddhist modernism and the rhetoric of meditative experience, Numen 42, 228-283
- McMahan, DL (2004). Modernity and the early discourse of scientific Buddhism （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Journal of the American Academy of Religion 72 (4), 897-933