假旗行动

栽赃行动，亦作嫁禍行動，是隐蔽行动的一种，指通过使用其他组织的旗帜、制服等手段误导公众以为该行动由其他组织策動^[1]。栽赃行动常見於谍报活动及政治选举中。

起源及演變编辑

“假旗”一詞起源於16世紀，是一種比喻性的表達，意思是“故意扭曲某方的從屬關係或行為動機”。^[2]之後此用語被用來形容海上作戰的一種詭計，船隻懸掛中立國或敵國的旗幟以隱藏其真實身分。這種策略最早是被海盜和私掠船用來欺騙其他船隻之戰術，在攻擊發起前偽裝欺敵以不被警覺地靠近敵方。在之後形成的國際海事法中，此公認是海戰中可被接受的戰術作為，只要發動者在攻擊開始後，有實際展示其真實旗幟以表明身分，都可視為合乎國際承認的行動方式。^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]

現今該術語已擴大解釋，擴展到包括“攻擊自我以使攻擊行動看似敵國或恐怖分子所發動”，從而提供被攻擊國家在政治及軍事行動的藉口，包含對內的鎮壓行動和對外的軍事侵略。 ^[7]

例子编辑

1931年9月18日，日本关东军在柳条湖南满铁路段上炸毁小段铁路，并将三具身穿东北军士兵服装的中国人尸体放在现场，以“北大营的中国军队，炸毁铁路，攻击守备队”为借口攻击东北军北大营和沈阳城，是为九一八事变。

1939年8月31日，纳粹德国让身穿波兰军队制服的党卫队成员入侵德国广播电台并发表反德言论，随后宣称此事件为波兰所为，从而制造入侵波兰的借口。^[8]

1939年11月26日，苏联炮击苏联村庄麦尼拉，随后宣称此事件为芬兰所为，从而制造入侵芬兰的借口。

1954年，英国打算从埃及撤军。以色列担忧埃及接管英国的机场和军事基地会威胁以色列，便发动苏珊娜行动，试图通过伪装成埃及人，袭击埃及境内的西方国家人员与建筑，迫使英国取消撤军计划。直至2005年3月，以色列官方才承认这次事件是其所为。^[9]

1960年代，荷兰情报与安全总局设立了荷兰马克思列宁主义党，以方便通过该党在中华人民共和国搜集情报。^[10]

1972年2月24日，美国的曼彻斯特联合导报（英语：New Hampshire Union Leader）登载了一封匿名信（英语：Canuck letter），匿名信暗示1972年美国总统选举民主党初选候选人埃德蒙·马斯基在南方竞选时极为失礼地把法裔加拿大人叫做“加纳克人”，这将使得他在新罕布什尔州初选中落败。该信件的作者至今不明。
1999年9月，俄罗斯多处公寓楼发生爆炸袭击事件，普京以此为由发动第二次车臣战争并随后成为俄国总统。但国家杜马议长根纳季·谢列兹尼奥夫不慎提前三天宣布了9月16日在伏尔加顿斯克发生的爆炸袭击^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15]，而在梁赞州，警方于9月22日在市民帮助下成功挫败了另一起炸弹袭击阴谋，结果随后抓获的三名嫌犯均系俄罗斯联邦安全局(FSB)特工^[16]^[17]^[18]^[19]。

2017年4月11日，一顆炸彈在多特蒙德隊前往主場參與歐冠聯賽的路上爆炸，从现场发现的信件声称此次袭击是针对德国军事干预（英语：German intervention against ISIL）伊斯兰国造成穆斯林喪生展开的报复，并扬言会有更多袭击，除非德軍撤军且駐德美军关闭拉姆施泰因空军基地。最終被捕的男子被控涉嫌以爆炸案拖垮多特蒙德股价，从而赚取空头利润。^[20]

2022年1月及2月，西方政府機構預測俄羅斯將在烏克蘭使用假旗行動。^[21]在2月24日俄羅斯入侵烏克蘭之前的幾天裡，俄羅斯政府加強了虛假宣傳活動，俄羅斯官方媒體幾乎每小時都在做假旗宣傳，聲稱烏克蘭軍隊正在攻擊俄羅斯，以證明俄羅斯入侵烏克蘭是正當的。^[22]^[23]在不少品質低劣而且業餘的虛假資訊影片中，元數據顯示的日期與俄羅斯的說法不匹配，^[23]而Bellingcat的研究人員及其他獨立記者的證據也表明，頓巴斯襲擊、爆炸和撤離都是由俄羅斯自導自演。^[22]^[24]^[25]^[26]^[23]

參見编辑

参考文献编辑

^ deHaven-Smith, Lance (2013). Conspiracy Theory in America, Austin: 德克薩斯大學出版社（英语：University of Texas Press）. p.225
^ O'Conner, Patricia; Kellerman, Stewart (11 May 2018). "The True History of False Flags". Grammarphobia.com. Retrieved 9 June 2020.
^ Christopher Hodapp; Alice Von Kannon (4 February 2011). Conspiracy Theories and Secret Societies For Dummies. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 137–. ISBN 978-1-118-05202-0.
^ Politakis, George P. (2018). Modern Aspects of the Laws of Naval Warfare and Maritime Neutrality. Taylor & Francis. pp. 281–. ISBN 978-1-136-88577-8.
^ Faye Kert (30 September 2015). Privateering: Patriots and Profits in the War of 1812. JHU Press. pp. 62–. ISBN 978-1-4214-1747-9.
^ Donald R. Hickey; Connie D. Clark (8 October 2015). The Routledge Handbook of the War of 1812. Routledge. pp. 64–. ISBN 978-1-317-70198-9.
^ deHaven-Smith, Lance (2013). Conspiracy Theory in America. Austin: University of Texas Press. p. 225
^ 战史今日：8月31日英法俄三国协约最后形成. [2013-12-26]. （原始内容存档于2013-12-27）.
^ "After half a century of reticence and recrimination （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Israel ... honored ... agents-provocateur." Reuters, 30th March 2005. Accessed 2nd July 2007.
^ Stephen Castle, “Confessions of a fake Marxist,” （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） The Independent (18 December 2004).
^ Goldfarb & Litvinenko 2007，第265頁
^ Video of the Incident. Арсений Горюнов. [5 January 2014]. （原始内容存档于8 March 2021）.
^ Haunting Yushenkov Lecture Broadcast. The Jamestown Foundation. 12 June 2003. （原始内容存档于30 September 2007）.
^ CDI. CDI. [29 January 2012]. （原始内容存档于10 March 2012）.
^ Геннадия Селезнева предупредили о взрыве в Волгодонске за три дня до теракта ("Gennadiy Seleznyov was warned of the Volgodonsk explosion three days in advance"). Newsru.com. 21 March 2002 [11 March 2007]. （原始内容存档于19 March 2007）（俄语）.
^ Satter, David. The Shadow of Ryazan: Is Putin's government legitimate?. National Review Online. 30 April 2002. （原始内容存档于6 January 2010）.
^ John Sweeney. Take care Tony, that man has blood on his hands. The Guardian. 12 March 2000 [20 August 2019]. （原始内容存档于21 June 2019）.
^ Amy Knight. Finally, We Know About the Moscow Bombings. The New York Review of Books. 22 November 2012 [5 April 2017]. （原始内容存档于7 December 2021）. The evidence provided in The Moscow Bombings makes it abundantly clear that the FSB of the Russian Republic, headed by Patrushev, was responsible for carrying out the attacks.
^ Bohdan Ben. Evil empire revives in Putin's regime and FSB methods of "fighting terrorism". 3 June 2019 [20 August 2019]. （原始内容存档于9 August 2019）.
^ Borussia Dortmund bombs: 'Speculator' charged with bus attack. BBC News. 2017-04-21 [2017-04-21]. （原始内容存档于2017-04-21）.
^ Walton, Calder. False-Flag Invasions Are a Russian Specialty. Foreign Policy. [2022-03-14]. （原始内容存档于2022-05-26）（美国英语）.
^ ^22.0 ^22.1 Gilbert, David. Russia's 'Idiotic' Disinformation Campaign Could Still Lead to War in Ukraine. Vice Media. 21 February 2022 [22 February 2022]. （原始内容存档于21 February 2022）.
^ ^23.0 ^23.1 ^23.2 Four Russian false flags that are comically easy to debunk. The Telegraph. 21 February 2022 [22 February 2022]. （原始内容存档于22 February 2022）.
^ Russia says it prevented border breach from Ukraine, Kyiv calls it fake news. Reuters. 21 February 2022 [21 February 2022]. （原始内容存档于21 February 2022）.
^ Bellingcat Investigation Team. Documenting and Debunking Dubious Footage from Ukraine's Frontlines. Bellingcat. 23 February 2022 [24 February 2022]. （原始内容存档于23 February 2022）.
^ 'Dumb and lazy': the flawed films of Ukrainian 'attacks' made by Russia's 'fake factory'. The Guardian. 21 February 2022 [22 February 2022]. （原始内容存档于21 February 2022）.

外部链接编辑

（英文）一篇怀疑1999年莫斯科公寓爆炸案是俄罗斯总统普京制造的假旗行动的文章

[austinconspiracy-1] Haven-Smith, Lance (2013). Conspiracy Theory in America, Austin: 德克薩斯大學出版社（英语：University of Texas Press）. p.225

[2] O'Conner, Patricia; Kellerman, Stewart (11 May 2018). "The True History of False Flags". Grammarphobia.com. Retrieved 9 June 2020.

[3] Christopher Hodapp; Alice Von Kannon (4 February 2011). Conspiracy Theories and Secret Societies For Dummies. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 137–. ISBN 978-1-118-05202-0.

[4] Politakis, George P. (2018). Modern Aspects of the Laws of Naval Warfare and Maritime Neutrality. Taylor & Francis. pp. 281–. ISBN 978-1-136-88577-8.

[5] Faye Kert (30 September 2015). Privateering: Patriots and Profits in the War of 1812. JHU Press. pp. 62–. ISBN 978-1-4214-1747-9.

[6] Donald R. Hickey; Connie D. Clark (8 October 2015). The Routledge Handbook of the War of 1812. Routledge. pp. 64–. ISBN 978-1-317-70198-9.

[7] Haven-Smith, Lance (2013). Conspiracy Theory in America. Austin: University of Texas Press. p. 225

[8] 战史今日：8月31日英法俄三国协约最后形成. [2013-12-26]. （原始内容存档于2013-12-27）.

[9] "After half a century of reticence and recrimination （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Israel ... honored ... agents-provocateur." Reuters, 30th March 2005. Accessed 2nd July 2007.

[10] Stephen Castle, “Confessions of a fake Marxist,” （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） The Independent (18 December 2004).

[autogenerated5-11] Goldfarb & Litvinenko 2007，第265頁

[Video_of_the_Incident-12] Video of the Incident. Арсений Горюнов. [5 January 2014]. （原始内容存档于8 March 2021）.

[Jamestown-13] Haunting Yushenkov Lecture Broadcast. The Jamestown Foundation. 12 June 2003. （原始内容存档于30 September 2007）.

[CDI-14] CDI. CDI. [29 January 2012]. （原始内容存档于10 March 2012）.

[15] Геннадия Селезнева предупредили о взрыве в Волгодонске за три дня до теракта ("Gennadiy Seleznyov was warned of the Volgodonsk explosion three days in advance"). Newsru.com. 21 March 2002 [11 March 2007]. （原始内容存档于19 March 2007）（俄语）.

[shadow-16] Satter, David. The Shadow of Ryazan: Is Putin's government legitimate?. National Review Online. 30 April 2002. （原始内容存档于6 January 2010）.

[Sweeney-17] John Sweeney. Take care Tony, that man has blood on his hands. The Guardian. 12 March 2000 [20 August 2019]. （原始内容存档于21 June 2019）.

[amyknight2012-18] Amy Knight. Finally, We Know About the Moscow Bombings. The New York Review of Books. 22 November 2012 [5 April 2017]. （原始内容存档于7 December 2021）. The evidence provided in The Moscow Bombings makes it abundantly clear that the FSB of the Russian Republic, headed by Patrushev, was responsible for carrying out the attacks.

[19] Bohdan Ben. Evil empire revives in Putin's regime and FSB methods of "fighting terrorism". 3 June 2019 [20 August 2019]. （原始内容存档于9 August 2019）.

[Short-20] Borussia Dortmund bombs: 'Speculator' charged with bus attack. BBC News. 2017-04-21 [2017-04-21]. （原始内容存档于2017-04-21）.

[21] Walton, Calder. False-Flag Invasions Are a Russian Specialty. Foreign Policy. [2022-03-14]. （原始内容存档于2022-05-26）（美国英语）.

[ViceDisinfo-22] 22.0 ^22.1 Gilbert, David. Russia's 'Idiotic' Disinformation Campaign Could Still Lead to War in Ukraine. Vice Media. 21 February 2022 [22 February 2022]. （原始内容存档于21 February 2022）.

[:0-23] 23.0 ^23.1 ^23.2 Four Russian false flags that are comically easy to debunk. The Telegraph. 21 February 2022 [22 February 2022]. （原始内容存档于22 February 2022）.

[24] Russia says it prevented border breach from Ukraine, Kyiv calls it fake news. Reuters. 21 February 2022 [21 February 2022]. （原始内容存档于21 February 2022）.

[25] Bellingcat Investigation Team. Documenting and Debunking Dubious Footage from Ukraine's Frontlines. Bellingcat. 23 February 2022 [24 February 2022]. （原始内容存档于23 February 2022）.

[26] 'Dumb and lazy': the flawed films of Ukrainian 'attacks' made by Russia's 'fake factory'. The Guardian. 21 February 2022 [22 February 2022]. （原始内容存档于21 February 2022）.

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假旗行动

起源及演變 编辑

例子 编辑

參見 编辑

参考文献 编辑

外部链接 编辑

起源及演變编辑

例子编辑

參見编辑

参考文献编辑

外部链接编辑