分枝杆菌属
放线菌门的一属
分枝杆菌屬（Mycobacterium）為放线菌门下的一個屬，且為分枝桿菌科唯一的屬。
分枝杆菌属 | |
|---|---|
| |
| 結核分枝桿菌 | |
科学分类 
| |
| 界： | 细菌界 Bacteria |
| 门： | 放线菌门 Actinobacteria |
| 目： | 放线菌目 Actinomycetales |
| 科： | 分枝杆菌科 Mycobacteriaceae |
| 属： | 分枝杆菌属 Mycobacterium Lehmann & Neumann 1896 |
| 模式种 | |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Zopf 1883) Lehmann and Neumann 1896 | |
| 此條目可参照英語維基百科相應條目来扩充。 |
| 此條目需要擴充。 (2014年7月2日) |
该属细菌包括许多已知在哺乳類动物中造成严重疾病的病原菌，包括结核杆菌（Mycobacterium tuberculosis）和麻风杆菌（Mycobacterium leprae）[1]。
希臘語中的 myco 表示「真菌」，意思是說該屬的物種通常在液態培養基的表面，形成類似黴菌的菌落。[2]
微生物特徵编辑
微生物細胞壁：
1. 外層脂質
2. mycolic acid
3. 多醣（arabinogalactan）
4. 肽聚糖
5. 細胞膜
6. lipoarabinomannan（LAM）
7. phosphatidylinositol mannoside
8. 細胞壁骨架
1. 外層脂質
2. mycolic acid
3. 多醣（arabinogalactan）
4. 肽聚糖
5. 細胞膜
6. lipoarabinomannan（LAM）
7. phosphatidylinositol mannoside
8. 細胞壁骨架
本屬物種為好氧型細菌，且為不運動型細菌（海洋分枝桿菌除外，其可以在巨噬細胞內運動），為一種抗酸型細菌[1]。分枝桿菌並不會形成内孢子或莢膜，因此常被認定為革蘭氏陰性菌。且分枝桿菌在革蘭氏染色上並無法染上結晶紫，因此無法被歸類於革蘭氏陽性菌或陰性菌。
雖然說本屬不產孢子，但有兩個物種似乎例外，那就是海洋分枝桿菌（Mycobacterium marinum）和牛分枝桿菌（M. bovis）[3]。但進一步的研究引發了爭論。[4]
分枝桿菌的特點就是其細胞壁較其他物種厚，且呈蠟狀疏水性，並含有大量的分枝菌酸（mycolic acids）。多醣會將分枝菌酸層及肽聚糖層拉在一起，讓細胞壁變得十分堅韌。若可干擾其細胞壁的生物合成途徑，也許可以開發治療肺結核的藥物。[5]
物種编辑
Phylogenetic Position of the Tubercle Bacilli within the Genus Mycobacterium The blue triangle corresponds to tubercle bacilli sequences that are identical or differing by a single nucleotide. The sequences of the genus Mycobacterium that matched most closely to those of M. tuberculosis were retrieved from the BIBI database (http://pbil.univ-lyon.fr/bibi/[永久失效連結]) and aligned with those obtained for 17 smooth and MTBC strains. The unrooted neighbor-joining tree is based on 1,325 aligned nucleotide positions of the 16S rRNA gene. The scale gives the pairwise distances after Jukes-Cantor correction. Bootstrap support values higher than 90% are indicated at the nodes.
Phenotypic tests can be used to identify and distinguish different Mycobacteria species and strains. In older systems, mycobacteria are grouped based upon their appearance and rate of growth. However, these are symplesiomorphies, and more recent classification is based upon cladistics.
慢速生長菌编辑
結核菌群 Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex编辑
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) members are causative agents of human and animal tuberculosis. Species in this complex include:
- 結核桿菌（ M. tuberculosis），肺結核的主要致病菌。
- M. bovis
- M. bovis BCG
- M. africanum
- M. canetti
- M. caprae
- M. microti
- M. pinnipedii
鳥型分枝桿菌 Mycobacterium avium complex编辑
- Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) is a group of species that, in a disseminated infection but not lung infection, used to be a significant cause of death in AIDS patients. The species M. indicus pranii appears to be basal in this complex.[6]Species in this complex include:
- M. avium
- M. avium paratuberculosis, which has been implicated in Crohn's disease in humans and is the causative agent of Johne's disease in cattle and sheep
- M. avium silvaticum
- M. avium "hominissuis"
- M. colombiense
- M. indicus pranii
戈登分枝杆菌 Mycobacterium gordonae clade编辑
堪薩斯分支桿菌 Mycobacterium kansasii clade编辑
Mycobacterium nonchromogenicum/terrae clade编辑
Mycolactone-producing mycobacteria编辑
- M. ulcerans, which causes the "Buruli", or "Bairnsdale, ulcer"
- M. pseudoshottsii
- M. shottsii
Mycobacterium simiae clade编辑
- M. triplex
- M. genavense
- M. florentinum
- M. lentiflavum
- M. palustre
- M. kubicae
- M. parascrofulaceum
- M. heidelbergense
- M. interjectum
- M. simiae
未分群编辑
- M. branderi
- M. cookii
- M. celatum
- M. bohemicum
- M. haemophilum
- M. malmoense
- M. szulgai
- 痲瘋桿菌（M. leprae），痲瘋病的致病菌。
- M. lepraemurium
- M. lepromatosis, another (less significant) cause of leprosy, described in 2008
- M. botniense
- M. chimaera
- M. conspicuum
- M. doricum
- M. farcinogenes
- M. heckeshornense
- M. intracellulare
- M. lacus
- 海洋分枝桿菌（M. marinum）, causes a rare disease called Aquarium granuloma.
- M. monacense
- M. montefiorense
- M. murale
- M. nebraskense
- M. saskatchewanense
- M. scrofulaceum
- M. shimoidei
- M. tusciae
- M. xenopi
- M. yongonense
生長速率中等编辑
快速生長菌编辑
Mycobacterium chelonae clade编辑
Mycobacterium fortuitum clade编辑
- M. fortuitum
- M. fortuitum subsp. acetamidolyticum
- M. boenickei
- M. peregrinum
- M. porcinum
- M. senegalense
- M. septicum
- M. neworleansense
- M. houstonense
- M. mucogenicum
- M. mageritense
- M. brisbanense
- M. cosmeticum
Mycobacterium parafortuitum clade编辑
Mycobacterium vaccae clade编辑
CF编辑
未分群编辑
- M. confluentis
- M. flavescens
- M. madagascariense
- M. phlei
- M. smegmatis
- M. thermoresistibile
- M. gadium
- M. komossense
- M. obuense 大府分枝杆菌
- M. sphagni
- M. agri
- M. aichiense
- M. alvei
- M. arupense
- M. brumae
- M. canariasense
- M. chubuense
- M. conceptionense
- M. duvalii
- M. elephantis
- M. gilvum
- M. hassiacum
- M. holsaticum
- M. immunogenum
- M. massiliense
- M. moriokaense
- M. psychrotolerans
- M. pyrenivorans
- M. vanbaalenii
- M. pulveris
未分群编辑
分枝桿菌噬菌體编辑
Mycobacteria can be infected by Mycobacteriophage, bacterial viruses that may be used in the future to treat tuberculosis and related diseases by phage therapy.
參見编辑
參考文獻编辑
- ^ 1.0 1.1 Ryan KJ, Ray CG (editors). Sherris Medical Microbiology 4th. McGraw Hill. 2004. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9.
- ^ James H. Kerr and Terry L. Barrett, "Atypical Mycobacterial Diseases", Military Dermatology Textbook, p. 401.
- ^ Ghosh, Jaydip, Pontus Larsson, Bhupender Singh, B M Fredrik Pettersson, Nurul M Islam, Sailendra Nath Sarkar, Santanu Dasgupta, y Leif A Kirsebom. 2009. "Sporulation in mycobacteria". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106, no. 26 (Junio 30): 10781-10786. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19541637
- ^ Traag BA, Driks A, Stragier P, Bitter W, Broussard G, Hatfull G, Chu F, Adams KN, Ramakrishnan L, Losick R.2010. "Do mycobacteria produce endospores?" Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Jan 12;107(2):878-81.
- ^ Bhamidi S. Mycobacterial Cell Wall Arabinogalactan. Bacterial Polysaccharides: Current Innovations and Future Trends. Caister Academic Press. 2009. ISBN 978-1-904455-45-5.
- ^ Rahman SA, Singh Y, Kohli S, Ahmad J, Ehtesham NZ, Tyagi AK, Hasnain SE (2014) Comparative analyses of nonpathogenic, opportunistic, and totally pathogenic Mycobacteria reveal genomic and biochemical variabilities and highlight the survival attributes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. MBio 5(6). pii: e02020-14. doi: 10.1128/mBio.02020-14
延伸閱讀编辑
- Diagnosis and Treatment of Disease Caused by Nontuberculous Mycobacteria. American Thoracic Society. Am J Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. Aug 1997 156(2) Part 2 Supplement
- RIDOM: Ribosomal Differentiation of Medical Microorganisms
- J.P. Euzéby: List of Prokaryotic Names with Standing in Nomenclature - Genus Mycobacterium
外部連結编辑
- Tuberculist: Genome annotation database
- MTB Sysborg: Genome annotation database from the Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology
- TB Structural Genomics Consortium: Structures of Mycobacterium tuberculosis proteins
- MycDB: Mycobacterium database
- TBDB: Tuberculosis database
- Mycobacterium genomes and related information at PATRIC, a Bioinformatics Resource Center funded by NIAID 页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆
- Frequently Asked Questions about NTM Lung Disease
- PRASITE: Identification of mycobacteria
template:Gram-positive actinobacteria diseases template:Mycobacteria