单倍群O-M175

单倍群O（O-M175）是一个人类Y染色体DNA单倍型类群，與單倍群N共同源於單倍群NO，主要分布于东亚、东南亚、太平洋島嶼、馬達加斯加、中亚、南亞等。

单倍群O-M175
起源时间	①距今36800年 [95% CI 34,300 <-> 39,300]（YFull） ②距今41900年 [95% CI 31,294 <-> 51,202]（Karmin 2015） ③距今44700或38300年
共祖年代	①距今31200年 [95% CI 29,400 <-> 33,100] ybp (YFull) ②距今34042 [95% CI 25,228 <-> 41,942]年（Karmin 2015） ③根据突变率为距今35000或30000年
起源地	东亚南部
上游单倍群	NO
下游单倍群	一级： O1（O-F265）；O2（O-M122） 二级： O1a（O-M119）；O1b（O-M268）； O2a （O-M324）；O2b（O-F742）
对应突变	M175（和一些SNP）。

起源

单倍群O源自單位群NO-M214，首次出现于距今约3-4万年前，首次出現的地點可能是南亞或東亞 。

分布

單倍群O分佈於东亞、东南亞、密克羅尼西亞群島、美拉尼西亞、波利尼西亞、馬達加斯加、中亞、南亞等。由单倍群O分出的两个下游单倍群分别为O-F265与O-M122。

O-F265单倍群的名称为O1，分O1a(O-M119)与O1b(O-M268)，下游支系如O1a-M119常见于中國東南部、馬來群島東北部、美拉尼西亞東部島嶼、非洲東南部的馬達加斯加島等地，O1b1a1-PK4常见于中國西南部、中南半岛、馬來群島西南部等地，O1b1a2-Page59較高頻分佈於中國東部沿海省份與北方，O1b2-M176常见于朝鲜半岛、日本列島等地。

O-M122单倍群的名称为O2，分O2a(O-M324)与O2b(O-F742)，下游支系如O2a2a-M188較高頻分布於中國南方等地，在中国北方、日韩、东南亚等地也有分布，其下游的O2a2a1a2-M7主要分佈在苗瑶语族各族，O2a1b-IMS-JST002611、O2a2b1a1-M117、O2a2b1a2-F114是汉族主要的单倍群之一，也常见于如朝鮮族、滿族、赫哲族、锡伯族、中国蒙古族、土族等东亚民族，O2a2b1a1-M117也常见于藏缅语族各族，例如緬甸人、彝族與藏族，O2a2b1a2-F114还在哈萨克族乃蛮部中高频分布，O2a2b2-AM01822較高頻分布於中國華北偏東部、波利尼西亚、菲律賓等地，O2b-F742主要分佈於中國東部沿海省份等地。

系统树(O-M175)

以下系统树主要基于ISOGG于2017年的分类(wer.12.244)：与Y-DNA Haplogroup O and its Subclades - 2019-2020

O1（F265/M1354）

• O1a(旧O1) (M119)
  • O1a1 (B384/Z23193)
    • O1a1a (M307.1/P203.1)
      • O1a1a1 (F446)
        • O1a1a1a (F140)
          • O1a1a1a1 (F78)
            • O1a1a1a1a (F81)
              • O1a1a1a1a1 (CTS2458)
                • O1a1a1a1a1a (F533)
                  • O1a1a1a1a1a1 (F492)
                    • O1a1a1a1a1a1a (F656)
                      • O1a1a1a1a1a1a1 (A12440)
                        • O1a1a1a1a1a1a1a (A12439)
                      • O1a1a1a1a1a1a2 (A14788)
                      • O1a1a1a1a1a1a3 (F65)
                      • O1a1a1a1a1a1a4 (MF1068)
                      • O1a1a1a1a1a1a5 (Z23482)
                    • O1a1a1a1a1a1b (FGC66168)
                      • O1a1a1a1a1a1b1 (CTS11553)
                    • O1a1a1a1a1a1c (Y31266)
                      • O1a1a1a1a1a1c1 (Y31261)
                    • O1a1a1a1a1a1d (A12441)
                    • O1a1a1a1a1a1e (MF1071)
                      • O1a1a1a1a1a1e1 (MF1074)
                  • O1a1a1a1a1a2 (CTS4585)
              • O1a1a1a1a2 (MF1075)
          • O1a1a1a2 (YP4610/Z39229)
            • O1a1a1a2a (AM00330/AMM480/B386)
              • O1a1a1a2a1 (AM00333/AMM483/B387)
                • O1a1a1a2a1a (B388)
            • O1a1a1a2b (SK1555)
        • O1a1a1b (SK1568/Z23420)
          • O1a1a1b1 (M101)
          • O1a1a1b2 (Z23392)
            • O1a1a1b2a (Z23442)
              • O1a1a1b2a1 (SK1571)
      • O1a1a2 (CTS52)
        • O1a1a2a (CTS701)
          • O1a1a2a1 (K644/Z23266)
    • O1a1b (CTS5726)
  • O1a2 (M110)
    • O1a2a (F3288)
      • O1a2a1 (B392)
        • O1a2a1a (B393)
  • O1a3 (Page109)
• O1b(旧O2) (M268)
  • O1b1 (F2320)
    • O1b1a (M1470)
      • O1b1a1 (PK4)
        • O1b1a1a(旧O2a) (M95)
          • O1b1a1a1 (F1803/M1348)
            • O1b1a1a1a (F1252)
              • O1b1a1a1a1 (F2924)
                • O1b1a1a1a1a (M111)
                  • O1b1a1a1a1a1 (F2758)
                    • O1b1a1a1a1a1a (Z24083)
                      • O1b1a1a1a1a1a1 (Z24089)
                        • O1b1a1a1a1a1a1a (F923)
                          • O1b1a1a1a1a1a1a1 (CTS2022)
                            • O1b1a1a1a1a1a1a1a (F1399)
                              • O1b1a1a1a1a1a1a1a1 (F2415)
                          • O1b1a1a1a1a1a1a2 (Z24131)
                          • O1b1a1a1a1a1a1a3 (Z24100)
                        • O1b1a1a1a1a1a1b (SK1627/Z24091)
                          • O1b1a1a1a1a1a1b1 (Z39410)
                      • O1b1a1a1a1a1a2 (Z24088)
                  • O1b1a1a1a1a2 (F2890)
                    • O1b1a1a1a1a2a (Z24048)
                      • O1b1a1a1a1a2a1 (Z24050)
                    • O1b1a1a1a1a2b (Z24014)
                • O1b1a1a1a1b (CTS5854)
                  • O1b1a1a1a1b1 (Z23810)
                    • O1b1a1a1a1b1a (CTS7399)
                      • O1b1a1a1a1b1a1 (FGC19713/Y14026)
                        • O1b1a1a1a1b1a1a (Z23849)
                          • O1b1a1a1a1b1a1a1 (FGC61038)
                    • O1b1a1a1a1b1b (CTS651)
                      • O1b1a1a1a1b1b1 (CTS9884)
                  • O1b1a1a1a1b2 (F4229)
                  • O1b1a1a1a1b2a (F809)
                    • • O1b1a1a1a1b2a1 (F2517)
              • O1b1a1a1a2 (SK1630)
                • O1b1a1a1a2a (SK1636)
            • O1b1a1a1b (F789/M1283)
              • O1b1a1a1b1 (FGC29900/Y9322/Z23667)
                • O1b1a1a1b1a (B426/FGC29896/Y9033/Z23671)
                  • O1b1a1a1b1a1 (FGC29907/YP3930)
              • O1b1a1a1b1a2 (B427/Z23680)
                • O1b1a1a1b1b (Z39485)
                • O1b1a1a1b1c (B418)
              • O1b1a1a1b2 (SK1646)
          • O1b1a1a2 (CTS350)
          • O1b1a1a3 (Page103)
        • O1b1a1b (F838)
          • O1b1a1b1 (F1199)
      • O1b1a2（旧O2*）(Page59)
        • O1b1a2a (F993)
          • O1b1a2a1 (F1759)
            • O1b1a2a1a (CTS1127)
        • O1b1a2b (F417/M1654)
          • O1b1a2b1 (F840)
            • O1b1a2b1a (F1127)
          • O1b1a2b2 (CTS1451)
        • O1b1a2c (CTS9996)
  • O1b2(旧O2b) (P49, M176)
    • • O1b2a1 (CTS9259)
        • O1b2a1a (F1204)
          • O1b2a1a1 (CTS713)
            • O1b2a1a1a (CTS1875)
              • O1b2a1a1a1 (CTS10682)
            • O1b2a1a1b (Z24598)
            • O1b2a1a1c (CTS203)
          • O1b2a1a2 (F2868)
            • O1b2a1a2a (L682)
              • O1b2a1a2a1 (CTS723)
                • O1b2a1a2a1a (CTS7620)
                • O1b2a1a2a1b (A12446)
                  • O1b2a1a2a1b1 (PH40)
            • O1b2a1a2b (F940)
          • O1b2a1a3 (CTS10687)
            • O1b2a1a3a (CTS1215)
        • O1b2a1b (CTS562)
      • O1b2a2 (Page90)

O2（O-M122）

单倍群O-M122
起源时间	约3万年前
共祖年代	{{{TMRCA}}}
起源地	東亞南部
上游单倍群	单倍群O-M175
对应突变	M122

• • O-M122 (M122)
    • O2a (M324)
      • O2a1 (L127.1)
        • O2a1a (F1876/Page127)
          • O2a1a1 (F2159)
            • O2a1a1a (F1867/Page124)
              • O2a1a1a1 (F852)
                • O2a1a1a1a (F2266)
                  • O2a1a1a1a1 (L599)
                    • O2a1a1a1a1a (Z43961)
                      • O2a1a1a1a1a1 (Z43963)
                • O2a1a1a1b (F854)
                  • O2a1a1a1b1 (Z43966)
                • O2a1a1a1c (Page130)
            • O2a1a1b (F915)
              • O2a1a1b1 (F1478)
                • O2a1a1b1a (PF5390)
                  • O2a1a1b1a1 (CTS1936)
                  • O2a1a1b1a1a (Z43975)
                  • O2a1a1b1a2 (FGC33994)
        • O2a1b (IMS-JST002611, CTS1872, CTS2483, CTS5879, F61, F99, F240, F247, F302, F309, F460, F562)
          • O2a1b1 (F18)
            • O2a1b1a (F117)
              • O2a1b1a1 (F13)
                • O2a1b1a1a (F11)
                  • O2a1b1a1a1 (F632)
                    • O2a1b1a1a1a (F110/M11115)
                      • O2a1b1a1a1a1 (F17)
                        • O2a1b1a1a1a1a (F377)
                          • O2a1b1a1a1a1a1 (F1095)
                            • O2a1b1a1a1a1a1a (F856)
                              • O2a1b1a1a1a1a1a1 (F1418)
                              • O2a1b1a1a1a1a1a2 (Z25097)
                          • O2a1b1a1a1a1a2 (CTS7501)
                        • O2a1b1a1a1a1b (F793)
                      • O2a1b1a1a1a2 (Y20951)
                        • O2a1b1a1a1a2a (Y20932)
                  • O2a1b1a1a2 (F38)
                  • O2a1b1a1a3 (F12)
                  • O2a1b1a1a4 (F930)
                    • O2a1b1a1a4a (F2685)
                  • O2a1b1a1a5 (F1365/M5420/PF1558)
                    • O2a1b1a1a5a (Y15976)
                      • O2a1b1a1a5a1 (Y16154)
                        • O2a1b1a1a5a1a (Y26383)
                          • O2a1b1a1a5a1a1 (SK1686)
                    • O2a1b1a1a5b (FGC54486)
                      • O2a1b1a1a5b1 (FGC54507)
                  • O2a1b1a1a6 (CTS12877)
                    • O2a1b1a1a6a (F2527)
                      • O2a1b1a1a6a1 (CTS5409)
                      • O2a1b1a1a6a2 (F2941)
                  • O2a1b1a1a7 (F723)
                  • O2a1b1a1a8 (CTS2107)
                  • O2a1b1a1a9 (SK1691)
                • O2a1b1a1b (PH203)
            • O2a1b1b (F449)
              • O2a1b1b1 (F238)
                • O2a1b1b1a (F134)
                  • O2a1b1b1a1 (F1273)
                  • O2a1b1b1a2 (F724)
              • O2a1b1b2 (F1266)
            • O2a1b1c (CTS498)
          • O2a1b2 (FGC3750/SK1673)
            • O2a1b2a（CST879）
              • O2a1b2a1（SK1670, SK1672）
                • O2a1b2a1a（SK1671）
                  • O2a1b2a1a1（M164）
                • O2a1b2a1b（MF9326, MF9328, MF9339）
              • O2a1b2a2（Z38921, Z38922）
                • O2a1b2a2a（Z38920）

• • • • O2a2 (IMS-JST021354/P201)
        • O2a2a (M188)
          • O2a2a1 (F2588)
            • O2a2a1a (CTS445)
              • O2a2a1a1 (CTS201)
                • O2a2a1a1a (M159/Page96)
              • O2a2a1a2 (M7)
                • O2a2a1a2a (F1276)
                  • O2a2a1a2a1 (CTS6489)
                    • O2a2a1a2a1a (F1275)
                      • O2a2a1a2a1a1 (M113)
                      • O2a2a1a2a1a2 (N5)
                      • O2a2a1a2a1a3 (Z25400)
                  • O2a2a1a2a2 (F1863)
                    • O2a2a1a2a2a (F1134)
                      • O2a2a1a2a2a1 (F1262)
                • O2a2a1a2b (Y26403)
            • O2a2a1b (F1837)
          • O2a2a2 (F879)
            • O2a2a2a (F1226)
              • O2a2a2a1 (F2859)
        • O2a2b (P164)
          • O2a2b1 (M134)
            • O2a2b1a (F450/M1667)
              • O2a2b1a1 (M117/Page23)
                • O2a2b1a1a (M133)
                  • O2a2b1a1a1 (F438)
                    • O2a2b1a1a1a (Y17728)
                      • O2a2b1a1a1a1 (F155)
                        • O2a2b1a1a1a1a (F813/M6539)
                          • O2a2b1a1a1a1a1 (Y20928)
                      • O2a2b1a1a1a2 (F1754)
                        • O2a2b1a1a1a2a (F2137)
                          • O2a2b1a1a1a2a1 (F1442)
                            • O2a2b1a1a1a2a1a (F1123)
                              • O2a2b1a1a1a2a1a1 (F1369)
                          • O2a2b1a1a1a2a2 (A16636)
                      • O2a2b1a1a1a3 (Z25907)
                  • O2a2b1a1a2 (FGC23469/Z25852)
                    • O2a2b1a1a2a (F310)
                      • O2a2b1a1a2a1 (F402)
                        • O2a2b1a1a2a1a (F1531)
                  • O2a2b1a1a3 (CTS7634)
                    • O2a2b1a1a3a (F317)
                      • O2a2b1a1a3a1 (F3039)
                      • O2a2b1a1a3a2 (Y29861)
                    • O2a2b1a1a3b (CTS5488)
                  • O2a2b1a1a4 (Z25853)
                    • O2a2b1a1a4a (CTS5492)
                      • O2a2b1a1a4a1 (CTS6987)
                        • O2a2b1a1a4a1a (Z42620)
                      • O2a2b1a1a4a2 ( F20963)
                  • O2a2b1a1a5 (CTS10738/M1707)
                    • O2a2b1a1a5a (CTS9678)
                      • O2a2b1a1a5a1 (Z39663)
                      • O2a2b1a1a5a2 (M1513)
                    • O2a2b1a1a5b (A9457)
                      • O2a2b1a1a5b1 (F17158)
                  • O2a2b1a1a6 (CTS4658)
                    • O2a2b1a1a6a (CTS5308)
                    • O2a2b1a1a6b (Z25928)
                      • O2a2b1a1a6b1 (SK1730/Z25982)
                        • O2a2b1a1a6b1a (Z26030)
                        • O2a2b1a1a6b1b (Z26010)
                      • O2a2b1a1a6b2 (A9462)
                      • O2a2b1a1a6b3 (B456)
                  • O2a2b1a1a7 (YP4864)
                    • O2a2b1a1a7a (Z44068)
                      • O2a2b1a1a7a1 (F5525/SK1748)
                    • O2a2b1a1a7b (Z44071)
                  • O2a2b1a1a8 (Z44091)
                    • O2a2b1a1a8a (Z44092)
                • O2a2b1a1b (CTS4960)
              • O2a2b1a2 (F122)
                • O2a2b1a2 (F114/F444)
                  • O2a2b1a2a (F629)
                    • O2a2b1a2a1 (F79)
                      • O2a2b1a2a1a (F46/Y15)
                        • O2a2b1a2a1a1 (F48)
                          • O2a2b1a2a1a1a (F152)
                            • O2a2b1a2a1a1a1 (F2505)
                          • O2a2b1a2a1a1b (CTS3149)
                        • O2a2b1a2a1a2 (F242)
                          • O2a2b1a2a1a2a (CTS4266)
                            • O2a2b1a2a1a2a1 (Z26108)
                              • O2a2b1a2a1a2a1a (F2173)
                        • O2a2b1a2a1a3 (F2887)
                          • O2a2b1a2a1a3a (F3607)
                            • O2a2b1a2a1a3a1 (F3525)
                          • O2a2b1a2a1a3b (CTS3763)
                            • O2a2b1a2a1a3b1 (A9472)
                            • O2a2b1a2a1a3b2 (FGC16863/Y7110)
                              • O2a2b1a2a1a3b2a (L1360)
                                • O2a2b1a2a1a3b2a1 (FGC16889)
                              • O2a2b1a2a1a3b2b (SK1768/Y7112/Z26257)
                                • O2a2b1a2a1a3b2b1 (F4249)
                                  • O2a2b1a2a1a3b2b1a (FGC23868)
                                • O2a2b1a2a1a3b2b2 (CTS335)
                      • O2a2b1a2a1b (CTS53)
                        • O2a2b1a2a1b1 (CTS6373)
                          • O2a2b1a2a1b1a (A9473)
                      • O2a2b1a2a1c (F3386)
                      • O2a2b1a2a1d (Y29828)
                        • O2a2b1a2a1d1 (F735)
                          • O2a2b1a2a1d1a (FGC34973)
                          • O2a2b1a2a1d1b (F1739)
                • O2a2b1a2b (F743)
                  • O2a2b1a2b1 (CTS8481)
                    • O2a2b1a2b1a (CTS4325)
                      • O2a2b1a2b1a1 (A16629)
                      • O2a2b1a2b1a2 (CTS682)
                  • O2a2b1a2b2 (F748)
                    • O2a2b1a2b2a (F728)
                • O2a2b1a2c (Page101)
          • O2a2b2 (AM01822/F3223)
            • O2a2b2a (AM01856/F871)
              • O2a2b2a1 (N7)
                • O2a2b2a1a (F4110)
                  • O2a2b2a1a1 (F4068)
                  • O2a2b2a1a2 (SK1780)
                • O2a2b2a1b (F4124)
                  • O2a2b2a1b1 (IMS-JST008425p6)
                  • O2a2b2a1b2 (BY15188)
                    • O2a2b2a1b2a (F16411)
              • O2a2b2a2 (AM01845/F706)
                • O2a2b2a2a (F717)
                  • O2a2b2a2a1 (F3612)
                  • O2a2b2a2a2 (SK1783)
                • O2a2b2a2b (AM01847/B451)
                  • O2a2b2a2b1 (A17418)
                  • O2a2b2a2b2 (AM01756)
                    • O2a2b2a2b2a (B450)
                    • O2a2b2a2b2b (AM00472/B452)
                      • O2a2b2a2b2b1 (F18942)
                    • O2a2b2a2b2c (A16427)
            • O2a2b2b (A16433)
              • O2a2b2b1 (A16438)
                • O2a2b2b1a (SK1775)
                  • O2a2b2b1a1 (SK1774)
                • O2a2b2b1b (A16440)
      • O2a3 (M300)
      • O2a4 (M333)
    • O2b (F742)
      • O2b1 (F1150)
        • O2b1a (F837)
          • O2b1a1 (F1025)
      • O2b2 (F1055)
        • O2b2a (F3021)

人类Y染色体DNA单倍型类群进化树

Y染色体最近共同祖先

A

A1b

A1a-T

A1a

A2-T

A2

A3

BT

B

CT

DE

CF

D

E

C

F

G

H

IJK

IJ

K

I

J

LT

K(xLT)

L

T

M

NO

P

S

O

N

Q

R

各族群Y染色体单倍型类群 · 著名的Y染色體單倍型類群人

参考文献

• Edmondson, Jerold A. Jimmy G. Harris, Somsonge Burusphat and James E. Harris , 编. The power of language over the past: Tai settlement and Tai linguistics in southern China and northern Vietnam (PDF). Studies in Southeast Asian languages and linguistics (Bangkok, Thailand: Ek Phim Thai Co. Ltd.). 2007 [2017-04-07]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2007-08-21）. 
• van Driem, George. Rice and the Austroasiatic and Hmong-Mien Homelands (PDF). In N. J. Enfield, ed. Dynamics of Human Diversity, 361-390 (Canberra: Pacific Linguistics). 2011 [2017-04-07]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2021-07-13）. 
• Firasat, Sadaf; Khaliq, Shagufta; Mohyuddin, Aisha; Papaioannou, Myrto; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Underhill, Peter A; Ayub, Qasim. Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan. European Journal of Human Genetics. 2006, 15 (1): 121–6. PMC 2588664 . PMID 17047675. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201726. 
• Fornarino, Simona; Pala, Maria; Battaglia, Vincenza; Maranta, Ramona; Achilli, Alessandro; Modiano, Guido; Torroni, Antonio; Semino, Ornella; Santachiara-Benerecetti, Silvana A. Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome diversity of the Tharus (Nepal): a reservoir of genetic variation. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 2009, 9 (1): 154. PMC 2720951 . PMID 19573232. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-154. 
• Karafet, T. M.; Mendez, F. L.; Meilerman, M. B.; Underhill, P. A.; Zegura, S. L.; Hammer, M. F. New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree. Genome Research. 2008, 18 (5): 830–8 [2017-04-07]. PMC 2336805 . PMID 18385274. doi:10.1101/gr.7172008. （原始内容存档于2008-06-07）. 
• Kayser, M.; Choi, Y.; Van Oven, M.; Mona, S.; Brauer, S.; Trent, R. J.; Suarkia, D.; Schiefenhovel, W.; Stoneking, M. The Impact of the Austronesian Expansion: Evidence from mtDNA and Y Chromosome Diversity in the Admiralty Islands of Melanesia. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 2008, 25 (7): 1362–74. PMID 18390477. doi:10.1093/molbev/msn078. 
• Kim, SH; Kim, Ki-Cheol; Shin, Dong-Jik; Jin, Han-Jun; Kwak, Kyoung-Don; Han, Myun-Soo; Song, Joon-Myong; Kim, Won; Kim, Wook. High frequencies of Y-chromosome haplogroup O2b-SRY465 lineages in Korea: a genetic perspective on the peopling of Korea. Investigative Genetics. 2011, 2 (10): 10 [2017-04-07]. PMC 3087676 . PMID 21463511. doi:10.1186/2041-2223-2-10. （原始内容存档于2015-09-24）. 
• Ratliff, Martha. Ho Ne (She) is Hmongic: One final argument (PDF). Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 21.2:97-109. 1998 [2017-04-07]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2021-12-16）. 
• Rootsi, Siiri; Zhivotovsky, Lev A; Baldovič, Marian; Kayser, Manfred; Kutuev, Ildus A; Khusainova, Rita; Bermisheva, Marina A; Gubina, Marina; et al. A counter-clockwise northern route of the Y-chromosome haplogroup N from Southeast Asia towards Europe. European Journal of Human Genetics. 2006, 15 (2): 204–11. PMID 17149388. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201748. 
• Scheinfeldt, L.; Friedlaender, F; Friedlaender, J; Latham, K; Koki, G; Karafet, T; Hammer, M; Lorenz, J. Unexpected NRY Chromosome Variation in Northern Island Melanesia. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 2006, 23 (8): 1628–41. PMID 16754639. doi:10.1093/molbev/msl028. 
• Shi, Hong; Dong, Yong-li; Wen, Bo; Xiao, Chun-Jie; Underhill, Peter A.; Shen, Pei-Dong; Chakraborty, Ranajit; Jin, Li; Su, Bing. Y-Chromosome Evidence of Southern Origin of the East Asian–Specific Haplogroup O3-M122. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 2005, 77 (3): 408–19. PMC 1226206 . PMID 16080116. doi:10.1086/444436. 
• Su, B.; Jin, Li; Underhill, Peter; Martinson, Jeremy; Saha, Nilmani; McGarvey, Stephen T.; Shriver, Mark D.; Chu, Jiayou; et al. Polynesian origins: Insights from the Y chromosome. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2000, 97 (15): 8225–8228. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.8225S. doi:10.1073/pnas.97.15.8225. 
• Wells, R. Spencer; Yuldasheva, N.; Ruzibakiev, R.; Underhill, P. A.; Evseeva, I.; Blue-Smith, J.; Jin, L.; Su, B.; et al. The Eurasian heartland: a continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. August 2001, 98 (18): 10244–9. Bibcode:2001PNAS...9810244W. PMC 56946 . PMID 11526236. doi:10.1073/pnas.171305098. 
• Wen, W; Hong, S; Ling, R; Huifeng, X; Kaiyuan, L; Wenyi, Z; Bing, S; Shiheng, S; et al. The origin of Mosuo people as revealed by mtDNA and Y chromosome variation. Science China Life Sciences. 2004, 47 (1): 1–10. PMID 15382670. doi:10.1360/02yc0207. 
• Xue, Y.; Zerjal, T; Bao, W; Zhu, S; Shu, Q; Xu, J; Du, R; Fu, S; et al. Male Demography in East Asia: A North–South Contrast in Human Population Expansion Times. Genetics. 2005, 172 (4): 2431–9. PMC 1456369 . PMID 16489223. doi:10.1534/genetics.105.054270. 
• Bradshaw Foundation. Journey of Man - The Peopling of the World. [2017-04-07]. （原始内容存档于2020-03-24）. 
• ISOGG. Y-DNA Haplogroup O and its Subclades - 2012. 2012 [2017-04-07]. （原始内容存档于2022-01-20）. 
• TMC. Genetic Findings Support 'Out of Africa' Theory. 1998 [2017-04-07]. （原始内容存档于2009-10-10）.