基里瓜遺址

(重定向自基里瓜

基里瓜遺址(西班牙語:Quiriguá西班牙語發音:[kiɾiˈɣwa])是位於瓜地馬拉東南部伊薩瓦爾的古馬雅遺跡。它沿莫塔瓜河下游、占地約3平方公里(1.2平方英里),屬於中型遺址[2],其中禮儀中心位在距北岸1公里(0.6英里)處[3]馬雅古典時期英语Mesoamerican chronology(公元200年–900年)時,基里瓜坐落於幾條重要貿易路線英语Trade in Maya civilization的交點。遺址的衛城內建有200座建築、約始於公元550年,八世紀時開始興建大型建築。所有工程在約公元850年停止動工,僅在後古典時代初期(約公元900年–約公元1200年)短暫復工。基里瓜遺址和鄰近的古典時期城市科潘擁有相同的建築與雕塑風格,歷史發展也緊密相依[4]

基里瓜考古公園及遺址
世界遗产
近攝基里瓜石碑D的上部,刻畫著國王考阿克天的臉和他精緻的頭飾[1]
位置 危地马拉拉丁美洲和加勒比地区
標準 i, ii, iv
参考编码149
登录年份1981(第七屆會議
坐標15°16′10″N 89°2′25″W / 15.26944°N 89.04028°W / 15.26944; -89.04028

基里瓜在8世纪的快速发展与其统治者考阿克天於738年战胜科潘有关。科潘统治者英语List of rulers of Copán十八兔王败於基里瓜并被抓获,在基里瓜的大广场被献祭[5]。在这之前,基里瓜曾是科潘附庸国,但後来基里瓜维持了自己的独立地位。基里瓜的仪式建筑物英语Maya architecture并不多,但基里瓜的建筑物十分丰富,在基里瓜有新大陆里最高的纪念性建筑物英语monumental sculpture[6]

地名与地理位置 编辑

 
玛雅南部地区英语southern Maya area地图,图中显示了基里瓜(Quiriguá)和科潘Copán)的所在位置
 
莫塔瓜河上的基里瓜的位置,与玉石的交易线有关

基里瓜遗址以隣近的同名村庄为名命名,[7] 它位於瓜地馬拉市东北方向的约200km处;[8] 它位於伊薩瓦爾省洛斯阿馬特斯市内超过平均海拔75m的地方[9]

基里瓜位於莫塔瓜河低处的北部河岸,也是山谷扩为河漫滩的地方,这也让基里瓜数个世纪来饱受周期性洪灾的困扰[10][11]。尽管在基里瓜的占领期内河流一直在靠近此处,但它也自此改变了流向,流至离仪式中心南部1km的位置[3]。基里瓜位於科潘北部48km处[6]并现今位于瓜地马拉洪都拉斯国境的西北方向15.7km处。

基里瓜当地的基岩是硬红的砂岩,当地居民用此来建造纪念碑和其他建筑物英语Mesoamerican architecture。这种砂岩十分坚硬,且不易断裂英语Shear (geology)破裂英语Fracture (geology),这使得基里瓜的雕刻者们可以建立起美洲最高的独立式石建筑物[12]。基里瓜是在莫塔瓜断层英语Motagua Fault上被直接建造起来的,它也因此在古时受到大地震的袭击[13]

人口 编辑

尽管基里瓜的精英阶层明显为玛雅人[14],但由于它位于中部美洲地区的边缘地带,所以基里瓜人至少也是两种种族的混血人群[15]玛雅人为少数族群[10]。大多数当地人在种族上属于不那么复杂的中间地带英语Intermediate Area(位于中部美洲的东部边境)[15]。据估算,基里瓜中心地带的人口密度後经典期英语Mesoamerican chronology为400人至500人每平方千米[16],人口密度在最高峰时达到1200–1600人每平方千米[17];据调查,基里瓜当地平均每平方千米有130座建筑物,而科潘的中心部则是每平方千米有1449座建筑物[18]。较低的人口密度也暗示着基里瓜是一个分散农村人口的聚集点[10]

在738年发生的那场成功的叛变之後,基里瓜谷的人口快速增长,然基里瓜从未能成为一个人口众多的城邦[19]。在9世纪发生了严重的人口减少,城邦也最终遭到废弃[20]

已知的统治者 编辑

名字(或绰号) 统治年代 顺序[21]
"Tok Casper英语Tok Casper" 426–?[22] 1
Tutuum Yohl K'inich英语Tutuum Yohl K'inich 约455[22] ?
"3号统治者" ("Turtle Shell") 约480[22][23] ?
"4号统治者" ("Basket Skull") ?–?[23] 3?
Mih Toh 493–[23] 4?
K'awiil Yopaat ("5号统治者") 约653[23] ?
卡克·蒂利乌·钱·约帕特 ("考亚克-天") 724–785[24] 14
"天-舒尔英语Sky Xul" 785 –约795[24] 15
"玉石-天英语Jade Sky" 约800 – 约810[24] 17?

腳註 编辑

  1. ^ Looper, 2003, pp.122, 140, 146.
  2. ^ Ashmore 1980, p.24.
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.352.
  4. ^ Miller 1999, p.49.
  5. ^ Looper 2003, pp.4–5, 83.
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 Coe 1999, p.121.
  7. ^ Looper 2003, viii.
  8. ^ Stross et al. 1983, p.333.
  9. ^ Inforpress.
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Looper 2003, p.1.
  11. ^ Looper 2003, p.35.
  12. ^ Miller 1999, p.82.
  13. ^ Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.507.
  14. ^ Looper 1999, p.264.
  15. ^ 15.0 15.1 Sheets 2000, p.442.
  16. ^ Drew 1999, p.344.
  17. ^ Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.688.
  18. ^ Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.686.
  19. ^ Martin & Grube 2000, p.219.
  20. ^ 引证错误:没有为名为MG225的参考文献提供内容
  21. ^ 据Looper 2003, p.205.
  22. ^ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Martin & Grube 2000, p.216.
  23. ^ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 Looper 2003, pp. 205–209.
  24. ^ 24.0 24.1 24.2 Martin & Grube 2000, p.218.

參考資料 编辑

Ashmore, Wendy. The Classic Maya Settlement at Quirigua: Recent agricultural activities have helped reveal the extent of the buried settlement (PDF online publication). University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology英语University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. 1980 [2009-08-20]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2011-07-22). 
Ashmore, Wendy. Classic Maya Wells at Quirigua, Guatemala: Household Facilities in a Water-Rich Setting. American Antiquity英语American Antiquity (Menasha, Wisconsin: Society for American Archaeology英语Society for American Archaeology). January 1984, 49 (1): 147–153. ISSN 0002-7316. JSTOR 280519. OCLC 1479302. doi:10.2307/280519. 
Ashmore, Wendy. Settlement Archaeology at Quiriguá, Guatemala. University Museum monograph, no. 126; Quirigua Reports, vol. 4. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology英语University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. 2007. ISBN 978-1-931707-91-6. OCLC 74460023. 
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外部連結 编辑

坐标15°16′10″N 89°02′25″W / 15.26944°N 89.04028°W / 15.26944; -89.04028