奥斯卡最佳男主角奖
（重定向自奧斯卡最佳男主角）
奥斯卡最佳男主角奖是美国电影艺术与科学学院颁发的一个年度奖项，旨在奖项在电影中有杰出表现的男性主演演员。奖项于1929年的第1届奥斯卡颁奖典礼上首度颁发，获奖者是主演《最后命令》和《众生之路》（The Way of All Flesh）的爱米尔·强宁斯[1]。目前，奖项提名人选由学院演员分部成员通过可转移单票制选出，获奖者则由学院全部投票成员通过多数制决定[2]。
| 奥斯卡最佳男主角奖 | |
|---|---|
_(cropped_2).jpg) 2018年獲獎者雷米·馬利克 | |
| 授予对象 | 最佳男主角奖 |
| 国家或地区 |
 美國 |
| 主办单位 | 美国电影艺术与科学学院 |
| 首次颁发 | 1929 |
| 当前持有 |
雷米·馬利克 《波西米亞狂想曲 (電影)》（2018年） |
| 官方网站 |
www |
第1到3届奥斯卡金像奖角逐期间，所有提名人都可以因相应年度的多部作品获得同一项提名，这其中最多的达到3部，片名均将列在提名人选的姓名之后[3]:56。不过，在1930年举行的第3届颁奖典礼上，获奖者虽然是因两部电影获得提名，但最终的获奖作品只列出了一部[4]。次年，这套既不实用、又容易造成混乱的制度被新的制度取代，这一新制度也沿用至今，每位男演员均是因单独一部电影中的表演获提名，但仍然可以凭借多部电影获得多项提名[3]:56。从1937年举行的第9届颁奖典礼开始，这一奖项正式固定为每年提名5位人选[3]:56。
截至2018年，一共有81位男演员获得了这一奖项。丹尼尔·戴-刘易斯是唯一3次获奖的男演员。史宾塞·屈赛和劳伦斯·奥利维尔提名次数最多，达到9次。最近的一位获奖者则是因《波西米亞狂想曲》获奖的雷米·馬利克。
获奖和提名编辑
沃纳·巴克斯特因1928年的《亚利桑那奇侠》获奖
乔治·亚理斯因1929年的《英宫外史》胜出
莱昂纳尔·巴里摩尔因1930年的《自由魂》获奖
史宾塞·屈赛是首位连续两年获奖的男演员，分别因1937年的《怒海余生》和1938年的《孤儿乐园》胜出，此外他还有6次获提名
罗纳德·考尔曼因1947年的《双重生活》获奖
以下列表中列出了所有曾获奥斯卡最佳男主角奖及提名的演员、提名影片、获奖年份及颁奖典礼的届数。绝大多数颁奖典礼都是于提名影片在加利福尼亚州洛杉矶县上映的次年举行[9][10]。第1到第5届奖项角逐的电影上映周期则是从8月1日到次年7月31日[3]:52。角逐第6届奖项的电影上映周期很长，从1932年8月1日一直持续到了1933年12月31日[3]:52。从1935年举行的第7届颁奖典礼开始，电影要获得提名资格，则必须是在上一日历年发行，即1月1日至12月31日[3]:52。
| 获奖者 | |
| § | 拒绝领奖的获奖者 |
|---|---|
| ^ | 去世后获奖 |
| * | 去世后获提名 |
獲獎和提名次數编辑
|
以下演員至少曾獲獎2次：
|
以下演員至少有過4次提名：
|
年龄之最编辑
| 纪录 | 姓名 | 片名 | 获奖时的年龄 | 来源 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 最年长的获奖者 | 亨利·方达 | 《金色池塘》（第54屆） | 76 | [102] |
| 最年长的提名者 | 理查德·法恩斯沃斯 | 《史崔特先生的故事》（第72屆） | 79 | [102] |
| 最年轻的获奖者 | 安卓亞·布洛迪 | 《戰地琴人》（第75屆） | 29 | [102] |
| 最年轻的提名者 | 杰基·库珀 | 《淘哥儿》（第4屆） | 9 | [102] |
参见编辑
注释说明编辑
- A1 2 3 ：第1到第3届奥斯卡金像奖时的规则允许一位演员因多部电影一起获得单项提名。乔治·亚理斯、莫里斯·切瓦力亚和罗纳德·考尔曼均因两部电影获得提名，但之后美国电影艺术与科学学院修改了规则，演员的提名只能针对单部电影的表演。亚理斯最终获奖所列出的作品只有一部，但学院没有就此给出正式的解释。[103]
- B1 2 ：弗雷德里克·马奇当时获得的支持票比华莱士·比里多一张，这个时候学院的评奖规则认为，如此接近的差距，可以认为两人并列获奖，所以马奇和比里都赢得了奖项。不过，根据现行的学院规则，只有在出现选票数完全相同时，才会出现并列获奖的情况。[3]:116
- C^ ：保罗·穆尼因《复仇女神》所获的提名是学院历史上特殊规则的产物。在连续两年的时间里，学院允许投票成员将心中属意人选和电影的名字直接写在选票上，即便这部影片没有参与角逐也不例外[104]:1002, 10045。从技术上来说，这样的规则意味着任何演员都有可能获得提名。制订这一规则主要是针对贝蒂·戴维斯未能因《人生的枷锁》获得提名所引发的争议。穆尼在最终的投票中排名第二，不过，学院并不正式承认戴维斯和穆尼的提名。[104]:51, 65
参考文献编辑
- ^ Rule One: Award Definitions. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-06-09]. （原始内容存档于2014-06-09）.
- ^ Rule Six: Special Rules for the Acting Awards. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2013-12-24]. （原始内容存档于2013-12-24）.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Levy, Emanuel, All About Oscar: The History and Politics of the Academy Awards, New York, United States: Continuum International Publishing Group, 2003, ISBN 0-8264-1452-4
- ^ Dirks, Tim. 1929–38 Academy Awards Winners and History. Filmsite (Rainbow Media). [2014-09-30]. （原始内容存档于2014-07-05）.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Osborne, Robert. 85 Years of the Oscar: The Complete History of the Academy Awards. New York, United States: Abbeville Publishing Group. 2013: 423. ISBN 0-7892-1142-4.
- ^ Fields, Dorothy Jenkins. Black history was made at the Oscars. The Miami Herald (The McClatchy Company). 2014-03-05 [2014-05-13]. （原始内容存档于2014-05-13）.
- ^ The 49th Academy Awards (1977). Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-03]. （原始内容存档于2014-08-24）.
- ^ Patel, Tara. ‘The Artist’ Wins Top Oscar Honors in Bow to Silent Film. Bloomberg Businessweek. Bloomberg L.P. 2012-02-27 [2014-10-03]. （原始内容存档于2013-06-02）.
- ^ Rule Two: Eligibility. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-04-18]. （原始内容存档于2014-04-18）.
- ^ Rule Two: The Awards Year and Deadline. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2013-08-30]. （原始内容存档于2013-12-24）.
- ^ The 1st Academy Awards (1929) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-03]. （原始内容存档于2014-09-24）.
- ^ The 2nd Academy Awards Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-03]. （原始内容存档于2013-12-24）.
- ^ The 3rd Academy Awards (1930) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-03]. （原始内容存档于2013-12-24）.
- ^ The 4th Academy Awards (1931) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-03]. （原始内容存档于2013-12-30）.
- ^ The 5th Academy Awards (1932) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-03]. （原始内容存档于2013-12-24）.
- ^ The 6th Academy Awards (1933) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-03]. （原始内容存档于2013-12-24）.
- ^ The 7th Academy Awards (1935) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-03]. （原始内容存档于2013-12-24）.
- ^ The 8th Academy Awards (1936) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-03]. （原始内容存档于2013-12-24）.
- ^ The 9th Academy Awards (1937) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-03]. （原始内容存档于2013-12-24）.
- ^ The 10th Academy Awards (1938) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-03]. （原始内容存档于2013-12-24）.
- ^ The 11th Academy Awards (1939) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-03]. （原始内容存档于2014-09-24）.
- ^ The 12th Academy Awards (1940) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-03]. （原始内容存档于2014-09-24）.
- ^ The 13th Academy Awards (1941) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-03]. （原始内容存档于2014-09-24）.
- ^ The 14th Academy Awards (1942) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-03]. （原始内容存档于2014-04-06）.
- ^ The 15th Academy Awards (1943) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-03]. （原始内容存档于2014-03-25）.
- ^ The 16th Academy Awards (1944) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-04]. （原始内容存档于2014-09-23）.
- ^ The 17th Academy Awards (1945) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-04]. （原始内容存档于2014-03-25）.
- ^ 28.0 28.1 The 18th Academy Awards (1946) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-04]. （原始内容存档于2013-12-24）.
- ^ The 20th Academy Awards (1948) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-04]. （原始内容存档于2014-04-11）.
- ^ The 20th Academy Awards (1948) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-04]. （原始内容存档于2014-03-11）.
- ^ The 22nd Academy Awards (1950) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-04]. （原始内容存档于2014-08-04）.
- ^ The 23rd Academy Awards (1951) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-04]. （原始内容存档于2013-12-24）.
- ^ The 24th Academy Awards (1952) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-04]. （原始内容存档于2013-12-24）.
- ^ The 25th Academy Awards (1953) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-04]. （原始内容存档于2013-12-24）.
- ^ The 26th Academy Awards (1954) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-04]. （原始内容存档于2013-12-24）.
- ^ The 27th Academy Awards (1955) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-04]. （原始内容存档于2014-07-16）.
- ^ The 28th Academy Awards (1956) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-04]. （原始内容存档于2014-07-14）.
- ^ 38.0 38.1 38.2 38.3 38.4 38.5 38.6 Thise, Mark, Hollywood Winners & Loseres A to Z, New York, United States: Limelight Editions: 235–236, 2008, ISBN 978-0-87910-351-4
- ^ The 29th Academy Awards (1957) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-04]. （原始内容存档于2014-09-11）.
- ^ The 30th Academy Awards (1958) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-04]. （原始内容存档于2013-12-24）.
- ^ The 31st Academy Awards (1959) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-04]. （原始内容存档于2013-12-24）.
- ^ The 32nd Academy Awards (1960) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-04]. （原始内容存档于2014-04-06）.
- ^ The 33rd Academy Awards (1961) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-04]. （原始内容存档于2013-12-24）.
- ^ The 34th Academy Awards (1962) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-04]. （原始内容存档于2013-12-24）.
- ^ The 35th Academy Awards (1963) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-04]. （原始内容存档于2013-12-24）.
- ^ The 36th Academy Awards (1964) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-04]. （原始内容存档于2013-12-24）.
- ^ The 37th Academy Awards (1965) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-04]. （原始内容存档于2013-12-24）.
- ^ The 38th Academy Awards (1966) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-04]. （原始内容存档于2013-12-24）.
- ^ The 38th Academy Awards (1966) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-04]. （原始内容存档于2014-04-06）.
- ^ The 40th Academy Awards (1968) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-04]. （原始内容存档于2014-09-25）.
- ^ The 41st Academy Awards (1969) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-04]. （原始内容存档于2014-09-11）.
- ^ The 42nd Academy Awards (1970) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-04]. （原始内容存档于2014-03-11）.
- ^ The 43rd Academy Awards (1971) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-04]. （原始内容存档于2014-03-11）.
- ^ The 44th Academy Awards (1972) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-04]. （原始内容存档于2014-06-06）.
- ^ The 45th Academy Awards (1973) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-04]. （原始内容存档于2014-09-22）.
- ^ The 46th Academy Awards (1974) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-04]. （原始内容存档于2014-08-02）.
- ^ The 47th Academy Awards (1975) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-04]. （原始内容存档于2014-09-24）.
- ^ The 47th Academy Awards (1975) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-04]. （原始内容存档于2014-09-24）.
- ^ The 49th Academy Awards (1977) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-04]. （原始内容存档于2014-09-24）.
- ^ The 50th Academy Awards (1978) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-04]. （原始内容存档于2014-08-27）.
- ^ The 51st Academy Awards (1979) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-04]. （原始内容存档于2014-04-06）.
- ^ The 52nd Academy Awards (1980) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-04]. （原始内容存档于2014-07-25）.
- ^ The 53rd Academy Awards (1980) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-04]. （原始内容存档于2014-05-30）.
- ^ The 54th Academy Awards (1982) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-04]. （原始内容存档于2014-04-30）.
- ^ The 55th Academy Awards (1983) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-04]. （原始内容存档于2014-03-03）.
- ^ The 56th Academy Awards (1984) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-04]. （原始内容存档于2014-03-02）.
- ^ The 57th Academy Awards (1985) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-04]. （原始内容存档于2014-09-24）.
- ^ The 58th Academy Awards (1986) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-04]. （原始内容存档于2014-09-24）.
- ^ The 59th Academy Awards (1987) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-04]. （原始内容存档于2014-09-24）.
- ^ The 60th Academy Awards (1988) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-04]. （原始内容存档于2014-09-24）.
- ^ The 61st Academy Awards (1989) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-04]. （原始内容存档于2014-09-24）.
- ^ The 62nd Academy Awards (1990) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-04]. （原始内容存档于2014-09-24）.
- ^ The 63rd Academy Awards (1991) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-04]. （原始内容存档于2014-01-18）.
- ^ The 64th Academy Awards (1992) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-04]. （原始内容存档于2014-04-07）.
- ^ The 65th Academy Awards (1993) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-04]. （原始内容存档于2013-12-24）.
- ^ The 66th Academy Awards (1994) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-04]. （原始内容存档于2013-12-24）.
- ^ The 67th Academy Awards (1995) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-04]. （原始内容存档于2013-12-24）.
- ^ The 68th Academy Awards (1996) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-04]. （原始内容存档于2013-12-24）.
- ^ The 69th Academy Awards (1997) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-04]. （原始内容存档于2013-12-24）.
- ^ The 70th Academy Awards (1998) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-04]. （原始内容存档于2013-12-24）.
- ^ The 71st Academy Awards (1999) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-04]. （原始内容存档于2013-12-24）.
- ^ The 72nd Academy Awards (2000) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-04]. （原始内容存档于2014-08-10）.
- ^ The 73rd Academy Awards (2001) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-05]. （原始内容存档于2014-09-24）.
- ^ The 74th Academy Awards (2002) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-04]. （原始内容存档于2014-09-24）.
- ^ The 75th Academy Awards (2003) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-05]. （原始内容存档于2014-09-24）.
- ^ The 76th Academy Awards (2004) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-04]. （原始内容存档于2014-07-24）.
- ^ The 77th Academy Awards (2005) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-04]. （原始内容存档于2013-12-24）.
- ^ The 78th Academy Awards (2006) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-05]. （原始内容存档于2014-09-07）.
- ^ The 79th Academy Awards (2007) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-04]. （原始内容存档于2014-07-24）.
- ^ The 80th Academy Awards (2008) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-04]. （原始内容存档于2014-04-13）.
- ^ The 81st Academy Awards (2009) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-04]. （原始内容存档于2014-04-14）.
- ^ The 82nd Academy Awards (2010) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-04]. （原始内容存档于2013-12-24）.
- ^ The 83rd Academy Awards (2011) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-04]. （原始内容存档于2013-12-24）.
- ^ The 84th Academy Awards (2012) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-04]. （原始内容存档于2014-08-18）.
- ^ The 85th Academy Awards (2013) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-04]. （原始内容存档于2014-04-06）.
- ^ The 86th Academy Awards (2014) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-04-10]. （原始内容存档于2014-03-28）.
- ^ The 87th Academy Awards (2015) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-01-15]. （原始内容存档于2017-02-19）.
- ^ The 88th Academy Awards (2016) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2016-01-14]. （原始内容存档于2016-01-25）.
- ^ The 89th Academy Awards (2017) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2017-01-14]. （原始内容存档于2017-03-03）.
- ^ The 90th Academy Awards (2018) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2018-01-28]. （原始内容存档于2018-03-10）.
- ^ The 91th Academy Awards (2019) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2019-02-25]. （原始内容存档于2019-02-25）.
- ^ 102.0 102.1 102.2 102.3 Oldest/Youngest Acting Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2014-10-05]. （原始内容存档于2013-10-11）.
- ^ Rooney, David. On the double-bubble. 2003-11-25 [2013-08-30].
- ^ 104.0 104.1 Wiley, Mason; Bona, Damien, Inside Oscar: The Unofficial History of the Academy Awards 5, New York, United States: Ballantine Books, 1996, ISBN 0-345-40053-4, OCLC 779680732