巴哥犬(英語:Pug),原中文名哈巴狗,簡稱巴哥八哥,是一種小型觀賞犬種。巴哥犬面黑,有很多褶皺,成年時身高大約25到28厘米,體重約為5至13公斤,壽命大約為12到15年。個性溫和。巴哥犬是優秀的家庭犬(house dog),在室內時不喜吠叫,警戒時低沉、響亮的吠叫聲,又足以使門外的陌生人誤以為是大型犬,而有警示的作用[1]。原產地中國西藏[2]

Pug
巴哥犬
別名Tibet pug
Dutch bulldog
Dutch mastiff
Mini mastiff
原產國中國
分類/標準
FCI Group 9, Section 11 #253 標⁠準
AKC Toy 標⁠準
ANKC英语American Kennel Club Group 1 (Toys) 標⁠準
CKC英语Canadian Kennel Club Group 5 (Toys) 標⁠準
KC (UK)英语The Kennel Club Toy 標⁠準
NZKC英语New Zealand Kennel Club Toy 標⁠準
UKC英语United Kennel Club Companion breeds 標⁠準
家犬Canis lupus familiaris
常見巴哥犬外型

名称起源 编辑

外表富有魅力,18世纪末正式命名为“巴哥”(Pug),「pug」 一詞來自古英語 pugg,這是一個小朋友的好玩的親切術語。[3]或古英語pūca,意思是goblin、demon。[4] 哈巴狗幼犬被稱為pugletitos。[5]

起源與歷史 编辑

巴哥犬源於中國,有些人認為巴哥犬的祖先為北京犬,另外有些人看巴哥就好像縮小比例的獒犬。巴哥犬源於西藏培育,17世紀時由荷蘭傳到歐洲,當時在英國即把牠稱為「荷蘭犬」,據說飼養相當普遍,而目前的品種是後來在英國培育改良而成的。

健康問題與品種改良的關聯 编辑

巴哥犬,與法國鬥牛犬北京犬西施犬同樣屬於扁平臉(flat-faced)或稱短頭(brachycephalic)的犬種,這樣的特徵使得巴哥犬容易有許多健康問題,包含:呼吸系統、眼疾、脊椎疾病、心臟病與肺炎。與一般犬種的平均壽命相比,巴哥犬的平均壽命會減少四歲。[6] 因為這些健康問題,有獸醫呼籲應謹慎考慮購買巴哥犬[7];英國獸醫協會亦呼籲商人應停止在情人節賀卡上印製巴哥犬的肖像,因為這樣的商業化往往激起消費者對於扁平臉犬種的狂熱,卻忽略這些犬種的福祉。[8]

作為古老的犬種,巴哥犬如今的扁平臉特徵,是二十世紀之後犬業人工選擇的結果[9]。為了符合民眾對於寬大、扁平臉特徵的偏好(這樣的偏好則來自人類對於「似幼童的」特徵的喜愛[10]),犬業縮短了巴哥犬的頭顱並拓寬其口腔頂,以強化扁平臉的特徵。相比十八世紀英國著名繪家威廉·賀加斯在其作品《威廉·賀加斯自畫像》(Painter and his Pug)所描繪的巴哥犬形象中,仍有明顯的吻部;如今美國犬業俱樂部所認可的巴哥犬種吻部標準則是:短、鈍、成方形[11]中國更有犬業培育出「鷹版巴哥」,增加巴哥犬鼻子上的皺褶,加劇呼吸困難的健康問題。

近年有獸醫呼籲道德培育(Ethical breeding)與「復古」巴哥犬,使巴哥犬的特徵回到過去,透過不過分強調扁平臉特徵,得以在保留巴哥犬特徵的同時,培育出更健康的犬種。[12]

外部链接 编辑

参考 编辑

  1. ^ Wilhelmina Swainston-Goodger. The Pug-Dog - Its History and Origin. 英國: Read Country Books. 2005 (英语). 
  2. ^ American Kennel Club - Pug History. AKC.org. American Kennel Club. [2006-08-19]. (原始内容存档于2015-02-04). 
  3. ^ 存档副本. [2019-10-12]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-13). 
  4. ^ 存档副本. [2019-10-12]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-13). 
  5. ^ Shipley, Joseph Twadell (1955). Dictionary of Early English. New York, EE.UU.: Philosophical Library. pp. 768 pages.
  6. ^ PLOS. Why flat-faced dogs remain popular despite health problems. Science Daily. 2020-08-26 [2021-01-25]. (原始内容存档于2022-08-11) (英语). But these breeds are strongly predisposed to a range of severe disorders, including respiratory disease, eye disease, spinal disease, heat stroke and pneumonia, and their lifespan is reduced by on average four years compared to dogs with longer muzzles. 
  7. ^ Jason Goodyer. Stop and think before buying a flat-faced dog, the Royal Veterinary College warns. Science Focus. 2020-10-14 [2021-01-25]. (原始内容存档于2022-08-31) (英语). “Stop and think before buying a flat-faced dog”. 
  8. ^ MILES DILWORTH FOR MAILONLINE. Push the pugs off Valentine’s cards says vets who worry their faces on merchandise is fuelling a craze for flat-faced pets despite concerns over their welfare. Daily Mail. 2018-02-11 [2021-01-25]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-13) (英语). The British Veterinary Association say their prominence on merchandise is fuelling a craze for flat-faced pets despite concerns over their welfare. 
  9. ^ https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3480780/How-humans-changed-man-s-best-friend-pictures-100-years-breeding-changed-dog-breeds-not-better.html. How man has changed his best friend: How 100 years of intensive breeding has left some dog breeds unrecognisable - and in pain. Daily Mail. 2016-03-08 [2021-01-25]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-13) (英语). 
  10. ^ Esther Woolfson. Love you to death: how we hurt the animals we cherish. The Guardian. 2020-08-11 [2021-01-25]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-15) (英语). One suggestion is that the “childlike” appearance of dogs such as pugs and bulldogs attracts us 
  11. ^ American Kennel Club. Pug. American Kennel Club. [2021-01-25]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-13) (英语). The muzzle is short, blunt, square, but not upfaced. 
  12. ^ Nina Dragicevic. By picking pug dogs for their cute factor, we’re creating health problems, say experts. CBC News. [2021-01-25]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-13) (英语). Arthur says a healthier pug is possible — breeding for “less exaggerated” traits means we might be able to keep the pug but reduce the health problems.