日本-琉球语系

日本-琉球语系
	Japanese-Ryukyuan
使用族群	大和族、琉球族
地理分佈	日本、琉球、帕劳
谱系学分类	世界主要語系之一
分支	日语琉球语
ISO 639-5	jpx
	–
Glottolog	japo1237

日本-琉球语系（英語：Japanese-Ryukyuan languages），或稱日本語系（英語：Japonic languages），是世界主要語系之一，包含日語和琉球語两大分支，使用人口約1.25億。

介紹编辑

关于日本語与其它语言和语系的关系到目前为止由学者们提出过许多理论:

日琉語系：日琉語系這個概念最早由美國的日本學者萊昂·塞拉芬（英语：Leon Serafim）提出^[2]，後來這一概念受到國際語言學者的普遍接受，根據日琉同祖論，日琉語系的所有語言的祖語都是原始日語(Proto-Japonic)^[3]。

孤立語言：有些日本學者認為琉球語是日語的方言，称之为琉球方言，但大部分语言学家认为日语和琉球语是两个属于同语系但有很大区别的语言，各有各的方言。服部四郎（日语：服部四郎）認為，日語和琉球語分化的時間為大和時代^[4]。

澳台语系：南岛语与日语也有类似点：元音(母音)有5个，即あ(a)、い(i)、う(u)、え(e)、お(o)，不使用双重元音；单词以元音结束；浊音不同于单词之首等，但日本語與南島語系語言之間缺乏同源词汇。

扶餘語系：克里斯托弗·貝克威思提出了扶餘語系的假說，認為高句麗語、百濟語、新羅語、古日語等古代語言可能同源。

漢藏語系：西田龍雄認為日語屬於漢藏語系藏緬語族。

阿爾泰語系：持阿爾泰超語系假說的人認為日語屬于阿爾泰語系，但該語系已经在主流学术界上被否定^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]。不过，仍有少數學者支持存在这个语系^[10]。因此是否存在这个语系，学术界直到现在都存在争议。

達羅毗荼語系：大野晋（日语：大野晋）認為日本語屬於達羅毗荼語系。

分类编辑

日語编辑

日語（jpn）
- 八丈方言
- 東日本方言
  - 北海道方言
  - 東北方言
    - 北奥羽方言
    - 南奥羽方言
  - 關東方言
    - 東關東方言
    - 西關東方言
    - 東京方言
  - 東海東山方言
    - 長野、山梨、靜岡方言
    - 越後方言
    - 岐阜、愛知方言
- 西日本方言
  - 北陸方言
  - 近畿方言
  - 四國方言
  - 中國方言
    - 東山陽方言
    - 西中國方言
    - 東山陰方言
  - 雲伯方言
- 九州方言
  - 豐日方言
  - 肥筑方言
  - 薩隅方言
- 琉球日語
  - 冲绳日语

琉球語编辑

琉球語（JPB）
- 奄美－沖繩方言（北琉球方言）（amok^{[失效連結]}; JPBA）
  - 北部（naok^{[失效連結]}; JPBAA）
    - 北奄美方言（ryn）
    - 南奄美方言（ams）
    - 喜界島方言（kzg）
    - 德之島方言（tkn）
  - 南部（saok^{[失效連結]}; JPBAB）
    - 沖永良部島方言（okn）
    - 与論島方言（yox）
    - 國頭方言（xug）
    - 首里－那霸中央方言（ryu）
- 先島方言（南琉球方言）（saki^{[失效連結]}; JPBB）
  - 宮古方言（mvi）
    - 宮古次方言
    - 伊良部次方言
  - 八重山方言（rys）
    - 石垣島次方言
    - 西表島次方言
    - 竹富島次方言
  - 与那国方言（yoi）

人造語言编辑

《星界的纹章》中所用的人工语言亞維語亦被其作者歸入本語系內。

參見编辑

參考文獻编辑

^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). 日本-琉球语系. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016.
^ Shimabukuro, Moriyo. (2007). The Accentual History of the Japanese and Ryukyuan Languages: a Reconstruction, p. 1.
^ Miyake, Marc Hideo. (2008). Old Japanese: a Phonetic Reconstruction. p.的 66.，第66頁，於Google圖書
^ Heinrich, Patrick. "What leaves a mark should no longer stain: Progressive erasure and reversing language shift activities in the Ryukyu Islands," （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） First International Small Island Cultures Conference at Kagoshima University, Centre for the Pacific Islands, February 7–10, 2005; citing Shiro Hattori. (1954) Gengo nendaigaku sunawachi goi tokeigaku no hoho ni tsuite ("Concerning the Method of Glottochronology and Lexicostatistics"), Gengo kenkyu (Journal of the Linguistic Society of Japan), Vols. 26/27.
^ "While 'Altaic' is repeated in encyclopedias and handbooks most specialists in these languages no longer believe that the three traditional supposed Altaic groups, Turkic, Mongolian and Tungusic, are related." Lyle Campbell & Mauricio J. Mixco, A Glossary of Historical Linguistics (2007, University of Utah Press), pg. 7.
^ "When cognates proved not to be valid, Altaic was abandoned, and the received view now is that Turkic, Mongolian, and Tungusic are unrelated." Johanna Nichols, Linguistic Diversity in Space and Time (1992, Chicago), pg. 4.
^ "Careful examination indicates that the established families, Turkic, Mongolian, and Tungusic, form a linguistic area (called Altaic)...Sufficient criteria have not been given that would justify talking of a genetic relationship here." R.M.W. Dixon, The Rise and Fall of Languages (1997, Cambridge), pg. 32.
^ "...[T]his selection of features does not provide good evidence for common descent" and "we can observe convergence rather than divergence between Turkic and Mongolic languages--a pattern than is easily explainable by borrowing and diffusion rather than common descent", Asya Pereltsvaig, Languages of the World, An Introduction (2012, Cambridge) has a good discussion of the Altaic hypothesis (pp. 211-216).
^ Georg et al. 1999: （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） 73–74
^ Stefan Georg, Peter A. Michalove, Alexis Manaster Ramer, and Paul J. Sidwell (1999): "Telling general linguists about Altaic （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）". Journal of Linguistics, volume 35, issue 1, pages 65–98.

外部链接编辑

（英文）Ethnologue上的有关日琉语系的报告（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

[Glottolog-1] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). 日本-琉球语系. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016.

[2] Shimabukuro, Moriyo. (2007). The Accentual History of the Japanese and Ryukyuan Languages: a Reconstruction, p. 1.

[3] Miyake, Marc Hideo. (2008). Old Japanese: a Phonetic Reconstruction. p.的 66.，第66頁，於Google圖書

[4] Heinrich, Patrick. "What leaves a mark should no longer stain: Progressive erasure and reversing language shift activities in the Ryukyu Islands," （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） First International Small Island Cultures Conference at Kagoshima University, Centre for the Pacific Islands, February 7–10, 2005; citing Shiro Hattori. (1954) Gengo nendaigaku sunawachi goi tokeigaku no hoho ni tsuite ("Concerning the Method of Glottochronology and Lexicostatistics"), Gengo kenkyu (Journal of the Linguistic Society of Japan), Vols. 26/27.

[5] "While 'Altaic' is repeated in encyclopedias and handbooks most specialists in these languages no longer believe that the three traditional supposed Altaic groups, Turkic, Mongolian and Tungusic, are related." Lyle Campbell & Mauricio J. Mixco, A Glossary of Historical Linguistics (2007, University of Utah Press), pg. 7.

[6] "When cognates proved not to be valid, Altaic was abandoned, and the received view now is that Turkic, Mongolian, and Tungusic are unrelated." Johanna Nichols, Linguistic Diversity in Space and Time (1992, Chicago), pg. 4.

[7] "Careful examination indicates that the established families, Turkic, Mongolian, and Tungusic, form a linguistic area (called Altaic)...Sufficient criteria have not been given that would justify talking of a genetic relationship here." R.M.W. Dixon, The Rise and Fall of Languages (1997, Cambridge), pg. 32.

[8] "...[T]his selection of features does not provide good evidence for common descent" and "we can observe convergence rather than divergence between Turkic and Mongolic languages--a pattern than is easily explainable by borrowing and diffusion rather than common descent", Asya Pereltsvaig, Languages of the World, An Introduction (2012, Cambridge) has a good discussion of the Altaic hypothesis (pp. 211-216).

[9] Georg et al. 1999: （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） 73–74

[georg1999-10] Stefan Georg, Peter A. Michalove, Alexis Manaster Ramer, and Paul J. Sidwell (1999): "Telling general linguists about Altaic （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）". Journal of Linguistics, volume 35, issue 1, pages 65–98.

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