暗藍星系
暗藍星系 （Faint blue galaxy，F.B.G.）問題隨著1978年觀測許多星系的熱星等比當時理論預測的22等更為黯淡，而首度在天文物理上產生了問題[1][2][3]。星系會如此微弱，可以解釋為它們太小或距離太遠，但這些做出的意見，既不能解釋，也不符任何的組合。這些星系的分布已經被發現要符合宇宙膨脹、宇宙微波背景的測量、和一個非零的宇宙常數，就需要接受現在已經被認同存在的暗能量 [4][5]。因此它啟發了超新星觀測，作為暗能量存在的證據。
第二個問題發生在1988年，更深層次的觀測顯示有更多數量的暗星系存在[6]。這些，現在被解釋為矮星系經歷大爆發的恆星形成，導致從年輕的大質量恆星留下了藍色的光[7]。因此，以它們的大小和距離，暗藍星系是非常明亮的。
參考資料 编辑
- ^ Kron R 1978 Ph.D. Thesis, University of California, Berkeley
- ^ Peterson, B.A.; Ellis, R.S.; Kibblewhite, E.J.; Bridgeland, M.T.; Hooley, T.; Horne, D., Number magnitude counts of faint galaxies, Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters to the Editor, Nov 1, 1979, 233: L109–L113, Bibcode:1979ApJ...233L.109P, doi:10.1086/183087
- ^ Tyson, J.A.; Jarvis, J.F., Evolution of galaxies - Automated faint object counts to 24th magnitude, Astrophysical Journal, Part - 2 Letters to the Editor, June 15, 1979, 230: L153–L156, Bibcode:1979ApJ...230L.153T, doi:10.1086/182982
- ^ Yoshii, Yuzuru; Takahara, Fumio, On the redshift-volume measurement of the cosmological density parameter, Astrophysical Journal, Part 1, Nov 1, 1989, 346: 28–33, Bibcode:1989ApJ...346...28Y, doi:10.1086/167983
- ^ David C., Koo. The evolution of field galaxies - Is Omega = 1?. Evolution of the universe of galaxies; Proceedings of the Edwin Hubble Centennial Symposium. Berkeley, CA: Astronomical Society of the Pacific: 268–285. June 21–23, 1989. Bibcode:1990ASPC...10..268K.
- ^ Broadhurst, T.J.; Ellis, R.S.; Shanks, T., The Durham/Anglo-Australian Telescope faint galaxy redshift survey, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Dec 1, 1988, 235: 827–856, Bibcode:1988MNRAS.235..827B, doi:10.1093/mnras/235.3.827
- ^ Colless, Matthew; Ellis, Richard S.; Broadhurst, T.J.; Taylor, Keith; Peterson, Bruce A., Faint blue galaxies - High or low redshift?, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, March 1993, 261: 19–38, Bibcode:1993MNRAS.261...19C, doi:10.1093/mnras/261.1.19
- ^ Carlberg, R.G., Merging and fast galaxy evolution, Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters, November 1992, 399 (1): L31–L34, Bibcode:1992ApJ...399L..31C, doi:10.1086/186599
- ^ Carlberg, R.G.; Charlot, Stephane, Faint galaxy evolution via interactions, Astrophysical Journal, Part 1, September 1992, 397 (1): 5–13, Bibcode:1992ApJ...397....5C, doi:10.1086/171759