查爾斯·皮爾森
查爾斯·皮爾森（英語：Charles Pearson，1793年10月4日—1862年9月14日），是英國律師和政治家。他是倫敦市律師和社會運動家，曾短暫擔任過蘭貝斯選區的國會議員。他主要推動刑法改革、廢除死刑、推行普選權，並反對陪審員選任制度中的貪腐行為。
| Charles Pearson | |
|---|---|
 查爾斯·皮爾森，約於1855年拍攝 | |
| 出生 | 1793年10月4日 英國倫敦市 |
| 逝世 | 1862年9月14日（68歲） 旺茲沃思 |
| 职业 | 律師 國會議員 |
| 知名于 | 交通政策 |
| 头衔 | 市律師 |
| 头衔时期 | 1839–1862 |
| 配偶 | 瑪莉·馬莎·達頓（1817–1862） |
皮爾森在擔任城市律師期間發揮了影響力來改善交通運輸。他最初的提案是要在市內設一個以隧道連接的中央火車站，由多家鐵路公司共用，以便工人到更遠的地方通勤。這項提案被否決後，皮爾森提議建設首都北方的地下鐵路，因此而產生的大都會鐵路是世界上第一條地下鐵路，而在那之後，倫敦地鐵網路和倫敦的發展也突飛猛進。
早年生活 编辑
1793年10月4日，查爾斯·皮爾森在倫敦市克萊門特巷25號出生，他的父親湯瑪士·皮爾森（英語：Thomas Pearson）是一名室內裝潢工和羽毛商人，母親名為莎拉（英語：Sarah）[1]。查爾斯·皮爾森在義本接受教育後，在父親底下當學徒，不過他後來學習法律，並在1816年獲取律師資格[2]。1817年，他和男子服飾經售商同業公會的契約解除，並與肖像畫家瑪莉·馬莎·達頓結婚，兩人育有一女，瑪莉·達頓·皮爾森。[1]
職業生涯 编辑
In 1817, Pearson was elected a councilman of the City of London Corporation for Bishopsgate ward and served in that role from 1817 to 1820 and from 1830 to 1836 as well. He served as chairman of the City board of health from 1831 to 1833.[1] In 1839, he gave up his extensive private practice and was appointed City Solicitor, holding that office until his death.[1][3]
Despite his comfortable upbringing and his high social status, Pearson was a radical, and throughout his life he fought a number of campaigns on progressive and reforming issues including the removal from the Monument inscription blaming the Great Fire of London on Catholics, the abolition of packed special jury lists for political trials, and the overturning of the ban on Jews becoming brokers in the City.[4][5] Pearson was in favour of the disestablishment of the Church of England and opposed capital punishment. Politically, he supported universal suffrage and electoral reform to balance the sizes of parliamentary constituencies.[6] He unsuccessfully attempted to break the local monopolies developed by the gas companies, calling for the distribution pipework to be owned collectively by the consumers.[4]
Pearson was a Liberal and was elected at the 1847 general election as a Member of Parliament for Lambeth.[7][8] His campaign was prompted by a desire to promote his penal reform campaign in parliament. He resigned his seat in 1850 thorough the mechanism of accepting the Stewardship of the Chiltern Hundreds.[7][9]
地下鐵政策 编辑
Recognising the increasing congestion in the City and its rapidly growing suburbs, Pearson published a pamphlet in 1845 calling for the construction of an underground railway through the Fleet valley to Farringdon. The proposed railway would have been an atmospheric railway with trains pushed through tunnels by compressed air. Although the proposal was ridiculed and came to nothing (and would almost certainly have failed if it had been built, due to the shortcomings of the technology proposed), Pearson continued to lobby for a variety of railway schemes throughout the 1840s and 1850s.[2][10]
In 1846, Pearson proposed with the support of the City Corporation a central railway station for London located in Farringdon that was estimated to cost £1 million (approximately £1.03億 today).[11][12] The station, to be shared by multiple railway companies, was to be approached from the north in a covered cutting 80英尺（24米） wide.[13] Pearson's aim in promoting this plan was to facilitate the improvement of the social conditions of City workers by enabling them to commute into London on cheap trains from new residential developments of good quality, cheap homes built outside the capital.[4] The 1846 Royal Commission on Metropolitan Railway Termini rejected the proposal, preferring to define a limit around the centre of the capital into which no new railway lines could be extended.[13]
In 1854, a Royal Commission was set up to examine a number of new proposals for railways in London. Pearson made a proposal for a railway connecting the London Termini and presented as evidence the first survey of traffic coming into London which demonstrated the high level of congestion caused by the huge number of carts, cabs and omnibuses filling the roads.[14] Pearson's commentary on this was that:
the overcrowding of the city is caused, first by the natural increase in the population and area of the surrounding district; secondly, by the influx of provincial passengers by the great railways North of London, and the obstruction experienced in the streets by omnibuses and cabs coming from their distant stations, to bring the provincial travellers to and from the heart of the city. I point next to the vast increase of what I may term the migratory population, the population of the city who now oscillate between the country and the city, who leave the City of London every afternoon and return every morning.[15]
Many of the proposed schemes were rejected, but the Commission did recommend that a railway be constructed linking the termini with the docks and the General Post Office at St. Martin's Le Grand. A private bill for the Metropolitan Railway between Praed Street in Paddington and Farringdon received assent on 7 August 1854.[16]
Although not a director or significant shareholder of the new company,[17] Pearson continued to promote the project over the next few years and use his influence to help the company raise the £1 million of capital needed for the construction of the line. He issued a pamphlet, A twenty minutes letter to the citizens of London, in favour of the Metropolitan Railway and City Station, encouraging investment and he even persuaded the City of London to invest on the basis that the railway would alleviate the City's congestion problems.[18] Once the railway was in operation, the City sold its shares at a profit.[19] By 1860, the funds had been collected and the final route decided. Work on the railway started; taking less than three years to excavate through some of the worst slums of Victorian London and under some of the busiest streets.[19]
1862年9月14日，皮爾森在旺茲沃思倫敦自治市的自宅中逝世[1]，無緣親眼見證大都會鐵路在1863年1月10日通車。皮爾森拒絕了鐵路公司的報酬[20]，不過在鐵路通車後不久，鐵路公司頒贈給瑪莉每年250英鎊的報酬[20]。1862年9月23日，他的遺體被葬在西諾伍德式公墓。[1]
影響 编辑
Transport writer Christian Wolmar considers Pearson to have "by far the best claim" to be the first to propose the idea of an underground railway to deal with London's congestion problem.[21] Michael Robbins considers that "without Pearson's constant advocacy–his gadfly conduct, which he managed to combine with holding high office in the City of London–the Metropolitan Railway, the first of its kind in the world, and the nucleus of London's underground system, could not have come into existence when it did."[1]
When it opened, the Metropolitan Railway had a significant impact on street traffic, particularly cabs and omnibuses but these quickly recovered to near their former levels, despite the Metropolitan Railway also carrying over 9 million passengers in its first year of operation.[22] The Metropolitan Railway and the network of underground lines that grew from it was the first in the world and the idea was not adopted elsewhere until 1896 when the Budapest Metro and the Glasgow Subway were both opened. Without Pearson's promotion of the idea of an underground railway when he did it is possible that transport developments at the end of the 19th century developments, such as electric trams and vehicles powered by internal combustion engines, might have meant the underground solution was ignored.[23] The expansion of the capital that the underground network and its suburban surface extensions enabled was considerable and rapid and helped the population of what is now Greater London to increase from 3,094,391 in 1861 to 6,226,494 in 1901.[24]
參考來源 编辑
- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Robbins 2004.
- ^ 2.0 2.1 Wolmar 2004, p. 8.
- ^ Pearson's income in the late 1830s was in excess of £2,400 and his annual income as City Solicitor in the early 1840s was approximately £2,110 – Pearson 1844, pp. 200-201.
- ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Wolmar 2004, p. 17.
- ^ Pearson 1844, pp. 26-27.
- ^ The General Election (Report of Pearson's election address in Lambeth). The Times. 28 July 1847, (19613): 6 [28 May 2009].
- ^ 7.0 7.1 Craig 1989, p. 12.
- ^ House of Commons constituencies beginning with "L" (part 1). Leigh Rayment's House of Commons pages. [11 April 2009]. （原始内容存档于19 December 2012）.
- ^ 第21125號憲報. 倫敦憲報. 9 August 1850.
- ^ Harter 2005, p. 503.
- ^ 见英国零售价指数，数据来自Clark, Gregory. The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series). MeasuringWorth. 2017 [2022-06-11].
- ^ Grand Central Railway Terminus. The Times. 12 May 1846, (19234): 8 [22 May 2009].
- ^ 13.0 13.1 Metropolitan Railway Termini. The Times. 1 July 1846, (19277): 6 [22 May 2009]. （原始内容存档于2019-12-14）.
- ^ Wolmar 2004, p. 22.
- ^ Commons Select Committee on Metropolitan Communications, 1854-5 – quoted in Wolmar 2004, p. 22.
- ^ 第21581號憲報. 倫敦憲報. 11 August 1854.
- ^ Pearson owned only fifty shares in the Metropolitan Railway – Wolmar 2004, p. 32.
- ^ Wolmar 2004, p. 32.
- ^ 19.0 19.1 Wolmar 2004, pp. 30–32.
- ^ 20.0 20.1 Wolmar 2004, p. 40.
- ^ Wolmar 2004, pp. 8-9.
- ^ Simmons 2002, p. 282.
- ^ Wolmar 2004, p. 9.
- ^ 1861 data – 1861 Census: England and Wales. 1901 data – 1911 Census: England and Wales. Recompiled in Total Population table. A Vision of Britain Through Time. [6 June 2009]. （原始内容存档于2016-03-03）.
參考書目 编辑
- Craig, F. W. S. British parliamentary election results 1832–1885 2nd. Chichester: Parliamentary Research Services. 1989 [1977]. ISBN 0-900178-26-4.
- Harter, Jim. World Railways of the Nineteenth Century – A Pictorial history in Victorian Engravings. Johns Hopkins University Press. 2005. ISBN 0-8018-8089-0.
- Pearson, Charles. The Substance of an Address Delivered by Charles Pearson, Esq. at a Public Meeting on the 11th, 12th and 18th of December 1843. Pelham Richardson & John Ollivier. 1844 [26 May 2009].
- Robbins, Michael. Pearson, Charles (1793–1862). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. 2004 [22 May 2009]. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/38367.
- Simmons, Jack. The Power of the Railway. Dyos, H. J; Wolff, Michael (编). The Victorian City. Routledge. 2002 [1973]. ISBN 0-415-19323-0.
- Wolmar, Christian. The Subterranean Railway: How the London Underground Was Built and How It Changed the City Forever. Atlantic Books. 2004. ISBN 1-84354-023-1.
外部連結 编辑
- Hansard 1803–2005: Charles Pearson在國會中的貢獻