热浪
(重定向自熱浪)
热浪是指天气在某一段时间内持续地保持异常高的气温(相对于该地区多年平均气温而言),也有可能伴随有很高的空气湿度。这个术语通常与地区相联系,所以一个處於相对较热气候的地区来说是正常的温度,比如赤道因為本來就很炎熱,就沒有熱浪,对另一个通常處於较冷氣候的地区来说可能是热浪。
此條目没有列出任何参考或来源。 (2014年12月27日) |
一些地区比较容易受到热浪的袭击,例如欧洲的地中海气候区,澳大利亚的西南和东南沿海地带。除了索馬利亞,因索馬利亞有少雨且多日照的赤道沙漠氣候(南美西岸屬多雲霧的赤道沙漠氣候);屬於溫帶沙漠氣候的哈薩克是緯度最高的熱浪區。
根據世界氣象組織(WMO)定義,35℃ 及以上的溫度為高溫,而熱浪則是連續5天的最高氣溫,皆超過該地區平均最高氣溫5°C 以上。 [1]
热浪引起的高温天气可以导致人死亡,尤其是老年人。
21世紀主要的热浪
编辑海洋熱浪
编辑預防受害
编辑有一些簡單的方法可以避免受到熱浪的侵襲,像及早補充水分及電解質等,其中最有效的就是以開冷氣的方法降溫。有許多案例顯示,許多熱浪地區受害者因為家中未安裝空調,有可能引發中暑或熱衰竭而死亡。尤其是醫院沒有空調的話,對於熱浪受害者的治療效果就差很多。[14]
影片
编辑- 《災禍調查報告:熱浪》,Discovery Channel
参見
编辑参考资料
编辑- ^ 遠見天下文化出版股份有限公司. 熱浪不只野火、中暑!一文看懂熱浪成因和影響 | 易淳敏 | ESG遠見. ESG遠見 - 永續共好. [2023-08-10] (中文(臺灣)).
- ^ Hobday, Alistair J.; Alexander, Lisa V.; Perkins, Sarah E.; Smale, Dan A.; Straub, Sandra C.; Oliver, Eric C. J.; Benthuysen, Jessica A.; Burrows, Michael T.; Donat, Markus G.; Feng, Ming; Holbrook, Neil J. A hierarchical approach to defining marine heatwaves. Progress in Oceanography. 2016-02-01, 141: 227–238 [2023-08-20]. Bibcode:2016PrOce.141..227H. ISSN 0079-6611. S2CID 49583270. doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2015.12.014. (原始内容存档于2022-03-08) (英语).
- ^ 引用错误:没有为名为
海洋熱浪 :2
的参考文献提供内容 - ^ Oliver, Eric C. J. Mean warming not variability drives marine heatwave trends. Climate Dynamics. 2019-08-01, 53 (3): 1653–1659. Bibcode:2019ClDy...53.1653O. ISSN 1432-0894. S2CID 135167065. doi:10.1007/s00382-019-04707-2.
- ^ Oliver, Eric C. J.; Donat, Markus G.; Burrows, Michael T.; Moore, Pippa J.; Smale, Dan A.; Alexander, Lisa V.; Benthuysen, Jessica A.; Feng, Ming; Sen Gupta, Alex; Hobday, Alistair J.; Holbrook, Neil J. Longer and more frequent marine heatwaves over the past century. Nature Communications. 2018-04-10, 9 (1): 1324. Bibcode:2018NatCo...9.1324O. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 5893591 . PMID 29636482. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-03732-9.
- ^ Bates, AE; Hilton, BJ; Harley, CDG. Effects of temperature, season and locality on wasting disease in the keystone predatory sea star Pisaster ochraceus. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. 2009-11-09, 86 (3): 245–251. ISSN 0177-5103. PMID 20066959. doi:10.3354/dao02125 .
- ^ Eisenlord, Morgan E.; Groner, Maya L.; Yoshioka, Reyn M.; Elliott, Joel; Maynard, Jeffrey; Fradkin, Steven; Turner, Margaret; Pyne, Katie; Rivlin, Natalie; van Hooidonk, Ruben; Harvell, C. Drew. Ochre star mortality during the 2014 wasting disease epizootic: role of population size structure and temperature. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 2016-03-05, 371 (1689): 20150212. PMC 4760142 . PMID 26880844. doi:10.1098/rstb.2015.0212.
- ^ Garrabou, J.; Coma, R.; Bensoussan, N.; Bally, M.; Chevaldonné, P.; Cigliano, M.; Diaz, D.; Harmelin, J. G.; Gambi, M. C.; Kersting, D. K.; Ledoux, J. B. Mass mortality in Northwestern Mediterranean rocky benthic communities: effects of the 2003 heat wave. Global Change Biology. May 2009, 15 (5): 1090–1103. Bibcode:2009GCBio..15.1090G. S2CID 55566218. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01823.x.
- ^ McCabe, Ryan M.; Hickey, Barbara M.; Kudela, Raphael M.; Lefebvre, Kathi A.; Adams, Nicolaus G.; Bill, Brian D.; Gulland, Frances M. D.; Thomson, Richard E.; Cochlan, William P.; Trainer, Vera L. An unprecedented coastwide toxic algal bloom linked to anomalous ocean conditions. Geophysical Research Letters. 2016-10-16, 43 (19): 10366–10376. Bibcode:2016GeoRL..4310366M. ISSN 0094-8276. PMC 5129552 . PMID 27917011. doi:10.1002/2016GL070023.
- ^ Bond, Nicholas A.; Cronin, Meghan F.; Freeland, Howard; Mantua, Nathan. Causes and impacts of the 2014 warm anomaly in the NE Pacific: 2014 WARM ANOMALY IN THE NE PACIFIC. Geophysical Research Letters. 2015-05-16, 42 (9): 3414–3420. S2CID 129149984. doi:10.1002/2015GL063306 (英语).
- ^ Schaeffer, A.; Roughan, M. Subsurface intensification of marine heatwaves off southeastern Australia: The role of stratification and local winds: SUBSURFACE MARINE HEAT WAVES. Geophysical Research Letters. 2017-05-28, 44 (10): 5025–5033. S2CID 134464357. doi:10.1002/2017GL073714 (英语).
- ^ Perkins-Kirkpatrick, S. E.; King, A. D.; Cougnon, E. A.; Holbrook, N. J.; Grose, M. R.; Oliver, E. C. J.; Lewis, S. C.; Pourasghar, F. The Role of Natural Variability and Anthropogenic Climate Change in the 2017/18 Tasman Sea Marine Heatwave. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 2019-01-01, 100 (1): S105–S110 [2023-08-20]. Bibcode:2019BAMS..100S.105P. ISSN 0003-0007. S2CID 127347944. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-18-0116.1. hdl:1885/237324 . (原始内容存档于2023-08-20) (英语).
- ^ Laufkötter, Charlotte; Zscheischler, Jakob; Frölicher, Thomas L. High-impact marine heatwaves attributable to human-induced global warming. Science. 2020-09-25, 369 (6511): 1621–1625 [2023-08-20]. Bibcode:2020Sci...369.1621L. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 32973027. S2CID 221881814. doi:10.1126/science.aba0690. (原始内容存档于2023-08-22) (英语).
- ^ 朱柏齡/三軍總醫院中暑防治中心主任. 「熱浪」來襲 這6招學起來自保|元氣網. 元氣網-解決你的健康大小事|元氣網. [2023-08-10]. (原始内容存档于2023-08-11) (中文(臺灣)).
外部連結
编辑- Social & Economic Costs of Temperature Extremes from NOAA Socioeconomics website initiative, National Centers for Environmental Information