爱尔兰天主教徒
爱尔兰天主教徒是一个同时是天主教徒和爱尔兰人的民族宗教团体，本土于爱尔兰。[11] [12]爱尔兰天主教徒在全球各地有着大量流散侨民，其中包括超过2000万美国人。 [13]
| 爱尔兰天主教徒 | |
|---|---|
 | |
| 總人口 | |
| 460万 (爱尔兰) 5500万到6000万 (主要居住于加拿大以及美国东部与中部) | |
| 分佈地區 | |
 爱尔兰共和国 | 4,000,000 |
| 北爱尔兰 | 750,000 |
 美国 | ~20,000,000[1][2] |
 加拿大 | 5,000,000[3] |
 英国 | 15,000,000[4][與來源不符] |
 澳大利亚 | 7,000,000[5][6] |
 阿根廷 | 500,000-1,000,000[7][8] |
 新西兰 | 600,000[9] |
 法国 | 15,000[10] |
| 語言 | |
| 英语 (爱尔兰方言, 美国方言, 英国方言, 澳大利亚方言以及新西兰方言), 爱尔兰语 (主要于爱尔兰), 西班牙语 (阿根廷方言以及墨西哥方言)和法语 (法国本土) | |
| 宗教信仰 | |
| 天主教会 | |
| 相关族群 | |
| Irish people, Irish diaspora, Irish Travellers, Irish Americans, Irish Canadians, Irish Australians, Irish New Zealanders, Irish Britons, Irish Argentines, Irish Mexicans, Irish French | |
概述和历史 编辑
爱尔兰天主教徒和爱尔兰新教徒之间的分歧在16世纪到20世纪的爱尔兰历史中产生了重大的影响。这些影响在地方自治危机和北爱尔兰问题中尤其显著。虽然广泛的来说标志着这些分歧的是宗教的划定，但这些争论主要是政治与权力上的。例如，虽然大多数的爱尔兰天主教徒认为自己被排除在权力之外并具有独立于英国的身份，有部分反对英国统治、煽动叛乱的新教爱尔兰民族主义者则是爱尔兰民族主义的支持者（尽管大多数的爱尔兰新教徒反对分离主义）。在1798年的爱尔兰起义中，同不属于作为国教的爱尔兰教会的天主教徒和长老会于此之中找到了联合的理由。
爱尔兰天主教徒遍布世界许多国家，尤其是在英语圈中。由于1800年代中期的爱尔兰大饥荒，从爱尔兰向外的移民在当时呈指数级增长。在美国，1850年代的“一无所知”运动和其他19世纪反天主教、反爱尔兰的政治团体表达了对爱尔兰天主教徒的敌意并诉诸了暴力。不过，自20世纪以来，爱尔兰天主教徒在美国已经生根发芽，现在已是美国的主流社会的一部分。
相关条目 编辑
参考文献 编辑
- ^ Selected Social Characteristics in the United States (DP02): 2013 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates. U.S. Census Bureau. [December 11, 2014]. （原始内容存档于February 12, 2020）.
- ^ Carroll, Michael P. How the Irish Became Protestant in America. Religion and American Culture (University of California Press). Winter 2006, 16 (1): 25–54. JSTOR 10.1525/rac.2006.16.1.25. S2CID 145240474. doi:10.1525/rac.2006.16.1.25.
Of the 1,495 respondents who identified themselves as "Irish," 51 percent were Protestant and 36 percent were Catholic.
- ^ Ethnic Origin (264), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age Groups (10) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2011 National Household Survey. Statistics Canada. 2011 [2021-09-22]. （原始内容存档于2019-12-09）.
- ^ One in four Britons claim Irish roots. News.bbc.co.uk. March 16, 2001 [2021-09-22]. （原始内容存档于2021-11-22）.
- ^ Ancestry Information Operations Unlimited Company - Press Release. www.ancestryeurope.lu. [October 11, 2017]. （原始内容存档于September 7, 2017）.
- ^ Ireland country brief 请检查
|url=值 (帮助). Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. July 28, 2013 [June 2, 2019]. - ^ Western People: Flying the Irish flag in Argentina. Western People. March 14, 2007 [June 2, 2019]. （原始内容存档于December 18, 2007）.
- ^ IrishAboard.com = Irish Social Networking Worldwide. www.irishaboard.com. [2021-09-22]. （原始内容存档于2023-04-18）.
- ^ The Irish in New Zealand: Historical Contexts and Perspectives - Brian Easton. www.eastonbh. [2021-09-22]. （原始内容存档于2020-02-17）.
- ^ Prếsentation de l'Irlande. France Diplomatie : : Ministḕre de l'Europe des Affaires ễtrangễres.
- ^ Evans, Jocelyn; Tonge, Jonathan. Catholic, Irish and Nationalist: evaluating the importance of ethno-national and ethno-religious variables in determining nationalist political allegiance in Northern Ireland. Nations and Nationalism. 2013, 19 (2): 357–375. doi:10.1111/nana.12005.
- ^ 存档副本 (PDF). [2021-09-22]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-11-01）.
- ^ U.S. Census. U.S. Census Bureau. [13 April 2008]. （原始内容存档于11 February 2020）.
其他阅读 编辑
爱尔兰天主教徒 编辑
- Anbinder, Tyler (2002). Five Points: The Nineteenth-Century New York City Neighborhood That Invented Tap Dance, Stole Elections and Became the World's Most Notorious Slum. New York: Plume ISBN 0-452-28361-2
- Anbinder, Tyler, "Moving beyond 'Rags to Riches': New York's Irish Famine Immigrants and Their Surprising Savings Accounts," Journal of American History 99 (December 2012), 741–70.
- Bayor, Ronald; Meagher, Timothy (eds.) (1997) The New York Irish. Baltimore: University of Johns Hopkins Press. ISBN 0-8018-5764-3ISBN 0-8018-5764-3
- Blessing, Patrick J. (1992). The Irish in America: A Guide to the Literature and the Manuscript Editions. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press. ISBN 0-8132-0731-2ISBN 0-8132-0731-2
- Clark, Dennis (1982). The Irish in Philadelphia: Ten Generations of Urban Experience (2nd Ed.). Philadelphia: Temple University Press. ISBN 0-87722-227-4ISBN 0-87722-227-4
- English, T. J. (2005). Paddy Whacked: The Untold Story of the Irish American Gangster. New York: ReganBooks. ISBN 0-06-059002-5ISBN 0-06-059002-5
- Ebest, Ron. "The Irish Catholic Schooling of James T. Farrell, 1914–23." Éire-Ireland 30.4 (1995): 18-32 excerpt （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）.
- Erie, Steven P. (1988). Rainbow's End: Irish-Americans and the Dilemmas of Urban Machine Politics, 1840—1985. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-07183-2ISBN 0-520-07183-2
- Fanning, Charles, and Ellen Skerrett. "James T. Farrell and Washington Park: The Novel as Social History." Chicago History 8 (1979): 80-91.
- French, John. "Irish-American Identity, Memory, and Americanism During the Eras of the Civil War and First World War." (PhD Dissertation, Marquette University, 2012). Online （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Gleeson. David T. The Green and the Gray: The Irish in the Confederate States of America (U of North Carolina Press, 2013); online review （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Ignatiev, Noel (1996). How the Irish Became White. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-91825-1ISBN 0-415-91825-1
- Jensen, Richard. (2002) "'No Irish Need Apply': A Myth of Victimization". Journal of Social History 36.2 pp. 405–429 online （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Kenny, Kevin. "Abraham Lincoln and the American Irish." American Journal of Irish Studies (2013): 39–64.
- Kenny, Kevin (2000). The American Irish: A History. New York: Longman, 2000. ISBN 978-0582278172ISBN 978-0582278172
- McCaffrey, Lawrence J. (1976). The Irish Diaspora in America. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America ISBN 0-8132-0896-3
- McKelvey, Blake. "The Irish in Rochester An Historical Retrospect." Rochester History 19: 1-16. online, on Rochester New York
- Meagher, Timothy J. (2000). Inventing Irish America: Generation, Class, and Ethnic Identity in a New England City, 1880–1928. Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press. ISBN 0-268-03154-1ISBN 0-268-03154-1
- Mitchell, Brian C. (2006). The Paddy Camps: The Irish of Lowell, 1821–61. Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-07338-XISBN 0-252-07338-X
- Mulrooney, Margaret M. (ed.) (2003). Fleeing the Famine: North America and Irish Refugees, 1845–1851. New York: Praeger Publishers. ISBN 0-275-97670-XISBN 0-275-97670-X
- Noble, Dale T. (1986). Paddy and the Republic: Ethnicity and Nationality in Antebellum America. Middleton, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press. ISBN 0-8195-6167-3ISBN 0-8195-6167-3
- O'Connor, Thomas H. (1995). The Boston Irish: A Political History. Old Saybrook, Connecticut: Konecky & Konecky. ISBN 978-1-56852-620-1ISBN 978-1-56852-620-1
- O'Donnell, L. A. (1997). Irish Voice and Organized Labor in America: A Biographical Study. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.
- Rogers, James Silas and Matthew J O'Brien, eds. After the Flood: Irish America, 1945–1960 (2009), Specialized essays by scholars
- Sim, David. (2013) A Union Forever: The Irish Question and US Foreign Relations in the Victorian Age (Cornell University Press, 2013)
- The Irish Cultural, Political, Social, and Religious Heritages （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Ireland: The Rise of Irish Nationalism, 1801–1850 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Emigrants and Immigrants （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Communities in Conflict: American Nativists and Irish Catholics （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Irish-American Politics （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Irish America and the Course of Irish Nationalism （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- From Ghetto to Suburbs: From Someplace to Noplace? （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- Endnotes （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
外部链接 编辑
- 国会图书馆 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
- 美国的爱尔兰天主教侨民（对ISBN 0-8132-0896-3一书的简介）
- St. Colman Mac Duagh （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） （受欢迎的爱尔兰天主教徒网站）
- 论澳大利亚的爱尔兰天主教徒