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第二次高丽契丹战争

第二次高丽契丹战争，發生在11世纪遼朝（契丹）和高麗之間的衝突，战场在今中国和朝鲜边境。高丽契丹战争一共三次，第一次在993年，本次在1010年，第三次在1018年。

第二次高丽契丹战争
高丽契丹战争的一部分
日期1010-1011
地点
朝鲜半岛北部
结果

辽国战术胜利后撤军

  • 辽国攻陷高丽首都开城[1]但是国王显宗逃到羅州[2]
  • 辽国撤军后，承诺朝贡契丹[3]，但没有协定，导致新一轮战役[4]
参战方
高丽 辽朝
指挥官与领导者
康兆†
楊規†
金叔興†
大道秀（被俘）
河拱辰		 辽圣宗
萧排押[5]
兵力
400,000[5]
伤亡与损失
损失严重，主力被消灭 小于15,000

997年，高丽第六代国王成宗去世，辽朝册封他的继任者王诵为国王（高丽穆宗，997年-1009年在位）[6]1009年，穆宗被将军康兆杀害[7]。以此为借口，辽国次年出兵高丽[8]。辽国初战失利，但赢得了第二场战役获胜，康兆被俘杀[5]。辽国大军占领并烧毁了高丽国都开城[1][9][10]但是高丽第六代国王显宗已经逃到羅州[2]。之后高丽答应与遼朝重申朝贡关系，遼朝撤出开城。[3]遼军无法立足，避免和重新集结的高丽军冲突，遼朝部队撤退。[4]高丽显宗求和，但是辽圣宗要求他亲自来朝拜，并且割让重要的边境地区。高丽朝廷拒绝了这一要求，导致两国十年之间依然保持敌意，双方加强边境的战备。[4][11]辽朝在1015年、1016年、1017年先后攻打高丽，但结果史书记载不清。[12]

参见 编辑

注释 编辑

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Simons 1995, p. 95: "a prelude to more invasions during the reign of King Hyonjong (1010-1031) and the occupation of Kaesong, the Koryo capital."
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Nahm 1988, p. 89.
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Simons 1995, p. 93: "a second Liao incursion resulted in heavy losses, the sacking of Kaesong, and the imposition of Liao suzerainty over the Koryo state."
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Twitchett, Denis C.; Franke, Herbert; Fairbank, John King. The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 907-1368. Cambridge University Press. 1978: 111 [30 July 2016]. ISBN 9780521243315. （原始内容存档于2020-06-25） （英语）. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Twitchett & Tietze 1994, p.111.
  6. ^ Twitchett & Tietze 1994, p.104.
  7. ^ Hyun 2013, p. 191.
  8. ^ Twitchett & Tietze 1994, p. 111: "The Khitan sent an expeditionary army ... to punish the murderer of their former vassal".
  9. ^ Hatada, Smith Jr & Hazard 1969, p. 52: "in the reign of King Hyŏnjong (1010-1031) there were numerous Khitan invasions, and even the capital Kaesŏng was occupied."
  10. ^ Ebrey & Walthall 2014, [1]，第171頁，載於Google圖書: "In 1010, on the pretext that the rightful king had been deposed without the approval of the Liao court, the Khitan emperor personally led an attack that culminated in the burning of the Goryeo capital."
  11. ^ Simons 1995, p. 93: "a second Liao incursion resulted in heavy losses, the sacking of Kaesong, and the imposition of Liao suzerainty over the Koryo state." p. 95: "a prelude to more invasions during the reign of King Hyonjong (1010-1031) and the occupation of Kaesong, the Koryo capital."
  12. ^ Twitchett, Denis C.; Franke, Herbert; Fairbank, John King. The Cambridge History of China: Volume 6, Alien Regimes and Border States, 907-1368. Cambridge University Press. 1978: 111 [30 July 2016]. ISBN 9780521243315. （原始内容存档于2020-09-12） （英语）. From 1015 to 1019 there was incessant warfare, with attacks on Koryŏ in 1015, 1016, and 1017 in which victory went sometimes to Koryŏ, sometimes to the Khitan, but in sum were indecisive. 

参考文献 编辑

  • Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Walthall, Anne, Pre-Modern East Asia: To 1800: A Cultural, Social, and Political History, Third Edition, Boston, MA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, 2014, ISBN 978-1-133-60651-2 .
  • Hatada, Takashi; Smith Jr, Warren W.; Hazard, Benjamin H., A History of Korea, Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-Clio, 1969, ISBN 0-87436-064-1 .
  • Hyun, Jeongwon, Gift Exchange among States in East Asia during the Eleventh Century (Thesis (Ph.D.)), University of Washington, 2013, hdl:1773/24231 .
  • Simons, Geoff, Korea: The Search for Sovereignty, New York, NY: St. Martin's Press, 1995, ISBN 0-312-12531-3 .
  • Twitchett, Denis; Tietze, Klaus-Peter, The Liao, Franke, Herbert; Twitchett, Denis (编), The Cambridge History of China, Volume 6, Alien Regime and Border States, 907-1368, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 43–153, 1994, ISBN 0-521-24331-9 .
  • Nahm, Andrew C., Korea: Tradition & Transformation: A History of the Korean People, Elizabeth, NJ: Hollym, 1988, ISBN 0-930878-56-6 .
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