维基百科

精密科學

（重定向自精确科学）

精密科學（英語：Exact science），或称量化科學或精确科学[1]，是指「承認其結果絕對精確」的科學，特別是數學科學（英语：Mathematical sciences）[2]。精密科學的例子有數學、光學、天文學[3]、及物理。像笛卡尔、莱布尼茨、康德等哲學家以及逻辑实证主义者都以此為理性以及客觀知識的典範[4]。這些科學已在許多文化中實踐，從古代[5][6]到現代[7][8]。精密科學都和數學有關，其特點是有精準量化表示、準確預測，以及測試假說的嚴謹方法，尤其是利用可重覆性的實驗，其中有可量化的預測及測量[9]。

此說法隱含了將這些學科和其他學科（例如人文学科）分開的二分法。

相關條目 编辑

參考資料 编辑

  1. ^ Grant, Edward, A History of Natural Philosophy: From the Ancient World to the Nineteenth Century, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 43, 2007, ISBN 9781139461092 
  2. ^ Exact, adj.1, Oxford English Dictionary, Online version 2nd, Oxford: Oxford University Press, June 2016 
  3. ^ Drake, Stillman; Swerdlow, N.M.; Levere, T.H. Essays on Galileo and the History and Philosophy of Science: Volume 1. University of Toronto Press. 1999. ISBN 978-0-8020-7585-7. doi:10.3138/j.ctvcj2wt5. 
  4. ^ Friedman, Michael, Philosophy and the Exact Sciences: Logical Positivism as a Case Study, Earman, John (编), Inference, Explanation, and Other Frustrations: Essays in the Philosophy of Science, Pittsburgh series in philosophy and history of science 14, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press: 84, 1992, ISBN 9780520075771 
  5. ^ Neugebauer, Otto, The Exact Sciences in Antiquity, The Science Library 2nd, reprint, New York: Harper & Bros., 1962 
  6. ^ Sarkar, Benoy Kumar, Hindu Achievements in Exact Science: A Study in the History of Scientific Development, London / New York: Longmans, Green and Company, 1918, ISBN 9780598626806 
  7. ^ Harman, Peter M.; Shapiro, Alan E., The Investigation of Difficult Things: Essays on Newton and the History of the Exact Sciences in Honour of D. T. Whiteside, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002, ISBN 9780521892667 
  8. ^ Pyenson, Lewis, Cultural Imperialism and Exact Sciences Revisited, Isis, 1993, 84 (1): 103–108, Bibcode:1993Isis...84..103P, JSTOR 235556, S2CID 144588820, doi:10.1086/356376, [M]any of the exact sciences… between Claudius Ptolemy and Tycho Brahe were in a common register, whether studied in the diverse parts of the Islamic world, in India, in Christian Europe, in China, or apparently in Mesoamerica. 
  9. ^ Shapin, Steven. The Scientific Revolution 2nd. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press. 2018: 46–47. ISBN 9780226398341. 
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