# 超距作用

## 牛頓力學

${\displaystyle F=G{\frac {m_{1}m_{2}}{r^{2}}}}$

The Hypothesis of deriving the frame of the world by mechanical principles from matter evenly spread through the heavens, being inconsistent with my system, I had considered it very little before your letters put me upon it, and therefore trouble you with a line or two more about it, if this comes not too late for your use.

In my former I represented that the diurnal rotations of the Planets could not be derived from gravity, but required a divine Arm to impress them. And tho' gravity might give the Planets a motion of descent towards the Sun, either directly or with some little obliquity, yet the transverse motions by which they revolve in their several orbs, required the divine Arm to impress them according to the tangents of their orbs. I would now add, that the Hypothesis of matter's being at first evenly spread through the heavens, is, in my opinion, inconsistent with the Hypothesis of innate gravity, without a supernatural power to reconcile them, and therefore it infers a Deity. For if there be innate gravity, it is impossible now for the matter of the earth and all the Planets and stars to fly up from them, and become evenly spread throughout all the heavens, without a supernatural power; and certainly that which can never be hereafter without a supernatural power, could never be heretofore without the same power.

You queried, whether matter evenly spread throughout a finite space, of some other figure then spherical, would not in falling down towards a central body, cause that body to be of the same figure with the whole space, and I answered, yes. But in my answer it is to be supposed that the matter descends directly downwards to that body, and that that body has no diurnal rotation.
[翻譯請求][3]——牛頓

## 量子力學

20世紀，量子力學對於物理程序是否應該遵守局域論（排除超距作用）這問題給出了嶄新的挑戰。1935年，愛因斯坦、鮑里斯·波多爾斯基納森·羅森共同提出了愛因斯坦-波多爾斯基-羅森思想實驗，後來知名為EPR佯謬，可以凸顯出局域實在論與量子力學完備性之間的矛盾。大致而言，假設兩個粒子相互作用後向相反方向移離，過了一段時間，雖然兩個粒子相隔極遠，彼此之間不存在任何經典相互作用，但是，若分別測量它們的性質所獲得的結果，則可發覺它們的性質非常怪異地相互關聯，意味著這其中可能存在某種超距作用。實際而言，量子力學的哥本哈根詮釋表明，這是因為波函數塌縮機制，一種違反狹義相對論的超距作用。[7]

1953年，英国物理学家大卫·玻姆同样认为哥本哈根诠释对物理实在的解释是不完备的，需要附加的参量来描述，他从而提出隐變量理论（hidden variable theory）。1965年，北爱尔兰物理学家约翰·贝尔在提出贝尔不等式，为隐變量理论提供了实验验证方法。[8]从二十世纪七十年代至今，对贝尔不等式的验证给出的大多数结果是否定的，這意味著隐變量理论不成立。這結果是否可以詮釋為支持非局域論（超距作用）的證據，必須依物理學者對於量子力學的詮釋而定。[2][9]

## 參考文獻

1. ^ Hesse, Mary B. Action at a Distance in Classical Physics. December 1955 [2012-11-04]. （原始内容存档于2015-12-09）.
2. Berkovitz, Joseph. Action at a Distance in Quantum Mechanics. Edward N. Zalta (编). The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Winter 2008. 2008 [2013-05-13]. （原始内容存档于2013-06-19）.
3. ^ I. Bernard Cohen. Isaac Newton's Papers and Letters on Natural Philosophy and Related Documents 2nd. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 1978: 310–312. ISBN 9780674468535.
4. ^ Hobson, Art. There are no particles, there are only fields. American Journal of Physics. 2013, 81 (211) [2014-09-23]. doi:10.1119/1.4789885. （原始内容存档于2015-02-10）.
5. ^ John L. Heilbron. The Oxford Companion to the History of Modern Science. Oxford University Press. 14 February 2003. ISBN 978-0-19-974376-6.
6. ^ Joseph John Thomson. Notes on Recent Researches in Electricity and Magnetism: Intended as a Sequel to Professor Clerk-Maxwell's 'Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism'.. Dawsons. 1893.
7. ^ Einstein, A.; Podolsky, B.; Rosen, N. Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?. Physical Review. 1935, 47 (10): 777–780. Bibcode:1935PhRv...47..777E. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.47.777.
8. ^ Bell, J.S. (1966). On the problem of hidden variables in quantum mechanics. Reviews of Modern Physics. 38(3). 447-452.
9. ^ Rubin. Locality in the Everett Interpretation of Heisenberg-Picture Quantum Mechanics. Found. Phys. Lett. 2001, 14 (4): 301–322. . doi:10.1023/A:1012357515678.