镝的同位素
镝（原子量：162.500(1)）的同位素中有7個是存在于自然界的穩定同位素，分别是156Dy、158Dy和160Dy至164Dy。自然同位素中豐度最高的是比例為28%的164Dy，緊接著的是比例為26%的162Dy。豐度最低的是比例為0.06%的156Dy。[3]
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| 標準原子質量 (Ar, 標準) |
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通過人工合成，科學家共發現了29種放射性同位素，其原子量在138和173之間。最穩定的是154Dy，其半衰期約為1.40×106年；接著是半衰期為144.4天的159Dy。最不穩定的是138Dy，其半衰期只有200毫秒。比穩定同位素輕的同位素主要進行β+衰變；除個別特例之外，更重的同位素主要進行β−衰變。154Dy主要進行α衰變，152Dy和159Dy則主要進行電子捕獲。[3]鏑擁有至少11種同核異構體（亞穩態），原子量在140和165之間。最穩定的是165mDy，其半衰期為1.257分鐘。149Dy有兩種亞穩態，第二種（149m2Dy）的半衰期只有28納秒。[3]
164Dy是理論上最重的穩定同位素，任何更重的同位素，理論上都會進行α衰變，但是在鉛-208以下，絕大部分的同位素都尚未觀測到此衰變。[4]
圖表 编辑
| 符號 | Z（ p ） |
N（ n ） |
同位素質量（u） | 半衰期[n 1] | 衰變 方式[5][n 2] |
衰變 產物[n 3] |
原子核 自旋 |
相對豐度 （莫耳分率） |
相對豐度 的變化量 （莫耳分率） |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 激發能量 | |||||||||
| 138Dy | 66 | 72 | 137.96249(64)# | 200# ms | 0+ | ||||
| 139Dy | 66 | 73 | 138.95954(54)# | 600(200) ms | 7/2+# | ||||
| 140Dy | 66 | 74 | 139.95401(54)# | 700# ms | β+ | 140Tb | 0+ | ||
| 140mDy | 2166.1(5) keV | 7.0(5) µs | (8-) | ||||||
| 141Dy | 66 | 75 | 140.95135(32)# | 0.9(2) s | β+ | 141Tb | (9/2-) | ||
| β+, p （不常見） | 140Gd | ||||||||
| 142Dy | 66 | 76 | 141.94637(39)# | 2.3(3) s | β+ (99.94%) | 142Tb | 0+ | ||
| β+, p (.06%) | 141Gd | ||||||||
| 143Dy | 66 | 77 | 142.94383(21)# | 5.6(10) s | β+ | 143Tb | (1/2+) | ||
| β+, p （不常見） | 142Gd | ||||||||
| 143mDy | 310.7(6) keV | 3.0(3) s | (11/2-) | ||||||
| 144Dy | 66 | 78 | 143.93925(3) | 9.1(4) s | β+ | 144Tb | 0+ | ||
| β+, p （不常見） | 143Gd | ||||||||
| 145Dy | 66 | 79 | 144.93743(5) | 9.5(10) s | β+ | 145Tb | (1/2+) | ||
| β+, p （不常見） | 144Gd | ||||||||
| 145mDy | 118.2(2) keV | 14.1(7) s | β+ | 145Tb | (11/2-) | ||||
| 146Dy | 66 | 80 | 145.932845(29) | 33.2(7) s | β+ | 146Tb | 0+ | ||
| 146mDy | 2935.7(6) keV | 150(20) ms | IT | 146Dy | (10+)# | ||||
| 147Dy | 66 | 81 | 146.931092(21) | 40(10) s | β+ (99.95%) | 147Tb | 1/2+ | ||
| β+, p (.05%) | 146Tb | ||||||||
| 147m1Dy | 750.5(4) keV | 55(1) s | β+ (65%) | 147Tb | 11/2- | ||||
| IT (35%) | 147Dy | ||||||||
| 147m2Dy | 3407.2(8) keV | 0.40(1) µs | (27/2-) | ||||||
| 148Dy | 66 | 82 | 147.927150(11) | 3.3(2) min | β+ | 148Tb | 0+ | ||
| 149Dy | 66 | 83 | 148.927305(9) | 4.20(14) min | β+ | 149Tb | 7/2(-) | ||
| 149mDy | 2661.1(4) keV | 490(15) ms | IT (99.3%) | 149Dy | (27/2-) | ||||
| β+ (.7%) | 149Tb | ||||||||
| 150Dy | 66 | 84 | 149.925585(5) | 7.17(5) min | β+ (64%) | 150Tb | 0+ | ||
| α (36%) | 146Gd | ||||||||
| 151Dy | 66 | 85 | 150.926185(4) | 17.9(3) min | β+ (94.4%) | 151Tb | 7/2(-) | ||
| α (5.6%) | 147Gd | ||||||||
| 152Dy | 66 | 86 | 151.924718(6) | 2.38(2) h | ε (99.9%) | 152Tb | 0+ | ||
| α (.1%) | 148Gd | ||||||||
| 153Dy | 66 | 87 | 152.925765(5) | 6.4(1) h | β+ (99.99%) | 153Tb | 7/2(-) | ||
| α (.00939%) | 149Gd | ||||||||
| 154Dy | 66 | 88 | 153.924424(8) | 3.0(15)×106 a | α | 150Gd | 0+ | ||
| 155Dy | 66 | 89 | 154.925754(13) | 9.9(2) h | β+ | 155Tb | 3/2- | ||
| 155mDy | 234.33(3) keV | 6(1) µs | 11/2- | ||||||
| 156Dy | 66 | 90 | 155.924283(7) | 觀測上穩定[n 4] | 0+ | 5.6(3)×10−4 | |||
| 157Dy | 66 | 91 | 156.925466(7) | 8.14(4) h | β+ | 157Tb | 3/2- | ||
| 157m1Dy | 161.99(3) keV | 1.3(2) µs | 9/2+ | ||||||
| 157m2Dy | 199.38(7) keV | 21.6(16) ms | IT | 157Dy | 11/2- | ||||
| 158Dy | 66 | 92 | 157.924409(4) | 觀測上穩定[n 5] | 0+ | 9.5(3)×10−4 | |||
| 159Dy | 66 | 93 | 158.9257392(29) | 144.4(2) d | ε | 159Tb | 3/2- | ||
| 159mDy | 352.77(14) keV | 122(3) µs | 11/2- | ||||||
| 160Dy | 66 | 94 | 159.9251975(27) | 觀測上穩定[n 6] | 0+ | 0.02329(18) | |||
| 161Dy | 66 | 95 | 160.9269334(27) | 觀測上穩定[n 7] | 5/2+ | 0.18889(42) | |||
| 162Dy | 66 | 96 | 161.9267984(27) | 觀測上穩定[n 8] | 0+ | 0.25475(36) | |||
| 163Dy | 66 | 97 | 162.9287312(27) | 稳定[n 9][6] | 5/2- | 0.24896(42) | |||
| 164Dy | 66 | 98 | 163.9291748(27) | 稳定 | 0+ | 0.28260(54) | |||
| 165Dy | 66 | 99 | 164.9317033(27) | 2.334(1) h | β− | 165Ho | 7/2+ | ||
| 165mDy | 108.160(3) keV | 1.257(6) min | IT (97.76%) | 165Dy | 1/2- | ||||
| β− (2.24%) | 165Ho | ||||||||
| 166Dy | 66 | 100 | 165.9328067(28) | 81.6(1) h | β− | 166Ho | 0+ | ||
| 167Dy | 66 | 101 | 166.93566(6) | 6.20(8) min | β− | 167Ho | (1/2-) | ||
| 168Dy | 66 | 102 | 167.93713(15) | 8.7(3) min | β− | 168Ho | 0+ | ||
| 169Dy | 66 | 103 | 168.94031(32) | 39(8) s | β− | 169Ho | (5/2-) | ||
| 170Dy | 66 | 104 | 169.94239(21)# | 30# s | β− | 170Ho | 0+ | ||
| 171Dy | 66 | 105 | 170.94620(32)# | 6# s | β− | 171Ho | 7/2-# | ||
| 172Dy | 66 | 106 | 171.94876(43)# | 3# s | β− | 172Ho | 0+ | ||
| 173Dy | 66 | 107 | 172.95300(54)# | 2# s | β− | 173Ho | 9/2+# | ||
備註：畫上#號的數據代表沒有經過實驗的証明，只是理論推測而已，而用括號括起來的代表數據不確定性。
| ← | 同位素列表 | → |
| 鋱的同位素 | 镝的同位素 | 鈥的同位素 |
註釋 编辑
- ^ Bold for isotopes with half-lives longer than the age of the universe (nearly stable)
- ^ Abbreviations:
ε: Electron capture
IT: Isomeric transition - ^ Bold for stable isotopes, bold italics for nearly stable isotopes (half-life longer than the age of the universe)
- ^ Believed to undergo α decay to 152Gd or β+β+ decay to 156Gd with a half-life over 1018 years
- ^ Believed to undergo α decay to 154Gd or β+β+ decay to 158Gd
- ^ Believed to undergo α decay to 156Gd
- ^ Believed to undergo α decay to 157Gd
- ^ Believed to undergo α decay to 158Gd
- ^ Can undergo [[Beta_decay#Bound-state_β−_decay|bound-state β− decay]] to 163Ho with a half-life of 47 days when fully ionized
参考文獻 编辑
- ^ Chiera, Nadine Mariel; Dressler, Rugard; Sprung, Peter; Talip, Zeynep; Schumann, Dorothea. High precision half-life measurement of the extinct radio-lanthanide Dysprosium-154. Scientific Reports (Springer Science and Business Media LLC). 2022-05-28, 12 (1). ISSN 2045-2322. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-12684-6.
- ^ Meija, Juris; et al. Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure and Applied Chemistry. 2016, 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Audi, G.; Bersillon, O.; Blachot, J.; Wapstra, A.H. Nubase2003 Evaluation of Nuclear and Decay Properties. Nuclear Physics A (Atomic Mass Data Center). 2003, 729: 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001.
- ^ Belli, P.; Bernabei, R.; Danevich, F.A.; Incicchitti, A.; Tretyak, V.I. Experimental searches for rare alpha and beta decays. Eur. Phys. J. A. August 2019, 55: 140. doi:10.1140/epja/i2019-12823-2.
- ^ 存档副本. [2015-09-20]. （原始内容存档于2017-02-19）.
- ^ M. Jung et al., Phys. Rev. Letts. 69, 2164 (1992) First observation of bound-state beta minus decay.
- Isotope masses from Ame2003 Atomic Mass Evaluation by G. Audi, A.H. Wapstra, C. Thibault, J. Blachot and O. Bersillon in Nuclear Physics A729 (2003).
- Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Pure Appl. Chem. Vol. 75, No. 6, pp. 683-800, (2003) and Atomic Weights Revised (2005) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）.
- Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from these sources. Editing notes on this article's talk page.
- Audi, Bersillon, Blachot, Wapstra. The Nubase2003 evaluation of nuclear and decay properties （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Nuc. Phys. A 729, pp. 3-128 (2003).
- National Nuclear Data Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory. Information extracted from the NuDat 2.1 database （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） (retrieved Sept. 2005).
- David R. Lide (ed.), Norman E. Holden in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 85th Edition, online version. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida (2005). Section 11, Table of the Isotopes.