维基百科

Help:伦巴第语国际音标

下列图表展示了在维基百科条目中用國際音標（IPA）表示倫巴底語发音的方式。对于有关在维基百科条目中添加IPA字符的指南，请参见{{IPA-lmo}}与Wikipedia:格式手册/音标 § Notes。

各词语以该语言的两个主要变体——西伦巴第方言（英语：Western Lombard dialect）及东伦巴第方言（英语：Eastern Lombard dialect）列出。除非本地发音明显与所述事物更相关，否则这两种方言的发音在维基百科均不为首选。请参阅相关条目以了解更多信息。

目前存在几种拟议的正写法，但没有一种正写法足够全面、足以涵盖所有方言，且目前尚未就伦巴第语通用书面标准达成最终协议。此处西伦巴第方言采用古典米兰方言正字法（英语：Classical Milanese orthography），东伦巴第方言采用东方统一正字法。当一个单词在两种正写法中拼写相同时，只列出一次。

辅音
IPA 示例 英语中的相同或近似发音
b (西伦) biott, dubbi, (东伦) biót, döbe bud
d (西伦) lader, drizz, (东伦) làder, drécc day
dz (西伦) mezzaluna, ruzzà, mezz metter[1][2][3] cods
dʒ (西伦) veggia, gent, giovin, resgiô, lecc grand, (东伦) ègia, regiùr[1][4] juice
f (西伦) boffà, oeuv, (东伦) bofà, öf[1] fit
ɡ (西伦) gatt, bagaj, (东伦) gat, bagài good
h (东伦) presidènt, sùra, dés, sich, sènt, pesàda, sigóla, pès[3][5] ham
k (西伦) can, marches, foeugh, (东伦) cà, marchés, föch[1] sky
l lacc, caròtola, (西伦) ballon, vioeula, (东伦) balù, viöla, pedriöl[6] lock
m (西伦) mes'cià, (东伦) mes-cià, campiù[7][8] maid
ɱ (东伦) banfà, convegnì[7][8] triumph
n nòcc, (西伦) danee, (东伦) danér, cantù, sentì[7][8] den
ŋ (东伦) ànga, mànche[7][8] long
ɲ (西伦) gnucca, legn, (东伦) gnöca, lègn, àzegn[8] opinion
p (西伦) piasè, goeubb, (东伦) piasér, gòp[1] spite
r (西伦) roeuda, porscell, corr, caròtola, vioeula, (EL) röda, porsèl, cór[6] 颤音r
s (西伦) pressident, sora, dis, zuccher, lenzoeu, cazzoeula, mezz, dersett, scova, (东伦) presidènt, sùra, dés, sich, sènt, pesàda, sigóla, pès, scùa[1][2][3] same
ʃ (西伦) pesciada, scigolla, pesg, scenna, scova, (东伦) scéna[1][9] shame
t (西伦) todesch, giald, (东伦) todèsch, zalt[1] stay
ts (西伦) zuccher, lenzoeu, cazzoeula, mezz, dersett, (东伦) söcher, lensöl, casöla, mès, dersèt[1][2][3] pets
tʃ (西伦) mas'c, vegg, ciocca, cinch, cent, tucc trii, (东伦) mascc, ècc, ciòca, lesiù[1][5] chain
ʋ (西伦) violin, el vent, cavej, on pò de vent, (东伦) viulì, ol vènt[1][10] 介于wet和vet之间
z desmentegà, (西伦) basell, s'gionf, mezzaluna, ruzzà, mezz metter, (东伦) bazèl, sgiónf, mezalüna, rözà, mès méter, zét, zùen, rezùr[1][2][3][4] zone
ʒ (西伦) resgiô, desmentegà[1][4] vision
非原生（外来语）辅音
ʎ (西伦) botteglia, (东伦) butìglia million
半元音
IPA 示例 英语中的相同或近似发音
j (西伦) piatt, tajà, mej, lezion, (东伦) piàt, taià, mèi, lècc grant, töcc tré[1] yes
w (西伦) aqua, sguerc, s'ciao, (东伦) àqua, sguèrs way
元音[11]
IPA 示例 英语中的相同或近似发音
短元音
a abità, (西伦) mamma, Bressa, perchè, semper,[12] (东伦) mama, Brèsa, cantù, pader, lombard, nacc, ach, italià[13] manner (蘇格蘭英語)
e pelà, perchè, (西伦) semper, cortellin, elencà, elettrega, vedemm, besògn,[12] (东伦) envéren, méter, sèmper, elencà, elètrega, edóm, bezògn, öle, vendedùr, dét, prensépe, isé, prém, mel, dré, seré, décc, énte[14] bay
ɛ (西伦) regn, adess, invern, metter, savè, domènega, (东伦) règn, adès, pelà, perchè, sèmper, elencà, elètrega, edóm, bezògn, öle, vendedùr, prensépe, setèmber[14] bed
i (西伦) inscì, primm, Milan, elettrega, vedemm, besògn,[12] (东伦) curtilì, saì, dümìnica, Milà, simpàtech, finìcc, cunusìcc, mìa, giardì beet，但是更短
o (东伦) s-ciào, Cóm, cólda, ólter, ólta, póch, conós, óst, modéren, colùr, popolasiù, compàgn, piemontés, ciót, faró, alóra, próa, segónt[15] law (标准英音)，但是更短
ɔ (西伦) nòmm, anmò, Còmm, oeuli, vòlta, pocch, cognoss, (东伦) nòm, amò, mama, Brèsa[13][15] off
ø (西伦) oeugg,[16] (东伦) öcc, öle, töarà, cöcömer, pröa, töcc, piö, löster, cöntà, encö, zöga, löna, scör, cönt, öndes[15] bird (标准英音)，但是更短
u (西伦) agost, modern, pocch, cognoss, sô, color, popolazion, comun, tovarà, cocumer, (东伦) sul, culùr, pupulasiù, piemuntés, cumpuzisiù, alùra, amùr, put, nasiù cool，但是更短
y (西伦) tucc, pussee, luster, comunicazion, busecca, (东伦) lüna, scür, cümü, büzèca foot (蘇格蘭英語)
短鼻化元音[8]
ã (西伦) banfà, campion, canton sang (蘇格蘭英語)
ẽ (西伦) sentì, asen, venditor sang (美国南部英语（英语：Southern American English）)
ĩ (西伦) prinzipi, simpategh ring
ũ (西伦) compagn, piemontes, composizion, convegnì 无英语对应发音；鼻音化的 /u/
ỹ (西伦) cuntà 无英语对应发音；鼻音化的 /y/
长元音
aː (西伦) pader, lombard, andaa, calda, alter[17] father
eː (西伦) mel, dree bay
iː (西伦) dii, prinzipi, finii beet
oː (西伦) calda, alter, oeuli, vòlta[15] law (标准英音)
uː (西伦) ciod, faroo, alora, amor cool
øː (西伦) proeuva, incoeu, oeuli, vòlta[15] bird (标准英音)
yː (西伦) giuga, luna, scur, cuu, cognossuu few (蘇格蘭英語)
长鼻化元音[8]
ãː (西伦) vanga, manchi, anca, italian sang (蘇格蘭英語)
ẽː (西伦) settember, seren sang (美国南部英语（英语：Southern American English）)
ĩː (西伦) dinc, vint, minga, giardin 无英语对应发音；鼻音化的 /iː/
ũː (西伦) segond, pont, nazion 无英语对应发音；鼻音化的 /uː/
ỹː (西伦) cunt, vundes, comun 无英语对应发音；鼻音化的 /yː/
超音段音位
IPA 示例 解释
ˈ (西伦) insemma [ĩˈsɛma], (东伦) ensèma [ɛnˈsɛma] 主重音
ˌ (西伦) tirabuscion [ˌti(ː)rabyˈʃũː], (东伦) tirabosù [ˌtiraboˈsu] 次重音
. (西伦) sciador [ʃi.aˈduːr], (东伦) sciadùr [ʃi.aˈdur] 音节中断
ː (WL) tròpp dolz [ˌtrɔ‿ˈdːul(t)s], (EL) tròp dóls [ˌtrɔ‿ˈdːols][3] 延長輔音

注释

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  1. ^ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 Lombard, like a number of other languages, has final devoicing of obstruents, as well as final voicing of normally-devoiced consonants (except stops) immediately before other voiced or nasal consonants: Western pesg d'inscì [ˌpeːʒ dĩˈʃi], Eastern pès d'isé [ˌpɛz diˈse]. In such cases, word-final /dz/, /dʒ/, /tʃ/ and /ts/ may reduce to respectively, [z], [ʒ], [ʃ], [s] in the West, and in the East, /dʒ/ and /tʃ/ are generally realized as [j].
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 /dz/ and /ts/ contrast with /z/ and /s/ only in some Western dialects.
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Complete regressive assimilation at word boundaries is common in regular speech: it occurs between a final occlusive and the initial consonant of the following word. In such instances, /z/ becomes [dz] and [h] turns back to [s].
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 /ʒ/ is phonemically distinctive only in a few areas of Western Lombardy. Everywhere else, it is realized as [dʒ] or (certain Eastern dialects) [z]. Note that [ʒ] may also be an allophonic rendering of preconsonantal /z/ in dialects such as Comasco.
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 In some Eastern variants, /s/ is pronounced [h], which leads the /s(t)j/ cluster to be realized as [htʃ] or, after a consonant, [tʃ].
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 Western Lombard generally drops word-final /l/ after a long vowel (pedrioeu [pedriˈøː], Eastern pedriöl [pedriˈøl]). In addition, its northern dialects have rhotacized Latin non-geminate /l/ in all (semi)vowel-internal instances ([ˈskʰɔla] → [ˈskøːra]; compare [ˈbʊlːa] → [ˈbula]).
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 In dialects that feature syllable-final nasals, assimilation to the following consonant always takes place even in an ending nasal+stop cluster, and the stop is dropped before another one (Eastern guànt biànch [ˌɡwam ˈbjaŋk], Western guant bianch [ˌɡwãː ˈbjãːk]).
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 Only the Western varieties feature nasal vowels, as the realization of a vowel followed by a phonemic nasal consonant within a closed syllable (Western temp [ˈtẽːp], Eastern tép [ˈtep]), the only exceptions being word-final vowels followed by a nasal other than /n/ and word-final stressed short vowels plus /n/. Those are nearly the only cases for which Eastern Lombard has the same realization (Western Giovann [dʒuˈʋan], Eastern Gioàn [dʒoˈan]; compare Milan [miˈlãː] and Milà [miˈla]). All stressed nasal vowels are long, and Eastern dialects always render them by a vowel alone word-finally and sometimes word-internally.
  9. ^ In Eastern dialects, /ʃ/ may occur only in foreign borrowings, along with /ʎ/.
  10. ^ Compare Eastern Lombard postvocalic /v/-dropping: caèi [kaˈɛj], on pó de ènt [om ˈpo de ˈɛnt].
  11. ^ Only in Western dialects, but few minimal pairs actually occur, and vowel length is phonemic, with long vowels appearing only in stressed positions. In Eastern dialects, the same contrast tends to be expressed through vowel quality or other means (Western god [ˈɡuːt] "he/she enjoys", gott [ˈgut] "drops", Eastern gót [ˈɡot], góte [ˈɡotɛ]).
  12. ^ 12.0 12.1 12.2 In some Western dialects of the north, unstressed /e/ of some words is [a], but in others, it is [i].
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 Final rounding of unstressed /a/ to [ɔ] is possible in Eastern dialects.
  14. ^ 14.0 14.1 Eastern unstressed /e/ is pronounced either high-mid [e] or low-mid [ɛ].
  15. ^ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 [oː] is a north Western rendering of certain occurrences of stressed /ɔ/ (alterning with [øː] in other realizations), /aː/ (both corresponding to /o/ in the East), and of /øː/ (alterning with [ɔ] in other realizations and equivalent to Eastern /ø/).
  16. ^ Realization varies between [ø] and [œ].
  17. ^ Realization varies between [aː] and [ɑː].

外部链接

编辑
检索自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:伦巴第语国际音标&oldid=87443589”