Help:挪威語國際音標
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下表顯示在維基條目中的一些挪威語的內容如何使用國際音標發音。這裡使用的口音是城市東挪威語這種口音使用於奧斯陸地區,是書面挪威語的非官方發音標準,也是外國人最常學習的口音。關於發音的詳細資訊請參見挪威語音系學。
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註解编辑
- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 在許多擁有舌尖捲舌音的方言中,a recursive Sandhi process of retroflexion occurs, and clusters of /r/ and dental consonants /rd/, /rl/, /rn/, /rs/, /rt/ produce retroflex consonant realizations: [ɖ], [ɭ], [ɳ], [ʂ], [ʈ]. In dialects with a guttural R, such as Southern and Western Norwegian dialects, they are [ʁd], [ʁl], [ʁn], [ʁs], [ʁt].
- ^ /r/ varies considerably in different dialects: it is alveolar in some dialects and uvular in others.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Before /r/, the quality of non-high front vowels is changed: /eː/ and /e/ lower to [æː] and [æ].
- ^ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 [ɔ, ɔː, ø, øː, y, yː, ɔy, øy] are protruded vowels, and [ʉ, ʉː, u, uː] (including the [ʉ] element in [æʉ] and [ʉi]) are compressed; see roundedness for details.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 The distinction between compressed [ʉ] and protruded [y] is particularly difficult to hear for non-native speakers:
- ^ 6.0 6.1 The distinction between compressed [ʉː] and protruded [yː] is particularly difficult to hear for non-native speakers:
- ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 /ɑi, ei, ɔy/ appear only in loanwords. /ei/ is used only by some younger speakers, who contrast it with /æi/; speakers who do not have /ei/ in their diphthong inventory replace it with /æi/ (Kristoffersen (2000:19頁)).
- ^ /ʉi/只出現在 hui 一字中(Kristoffersen (2000:19頁))。
- ^ 9.0 9.1 除非必要,否則條目中一般不會使用嚴式標音標註挪威語字詞的聲調。
- ^ 10.0 10.1 一些口音只有單純的主重音,而沒有具音高對比的聲調。例如,在這些口音中,bønder(農夫)和bønner(豆子)的發音完全相同。
參考資料编辑
- Berulfsen, Bjarne, Norsk Uttaleordbok, Oslo: H. Aschehoug & Co (W Nygaard), 1969 (挪威语)
- Kristoffersen, Gjert, The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford University Press, 2000, ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5
- Skaug, Ingebjørg, Norsk språklydlære med øvelser 3rd, Oslo: Cappelen Akademisk Forlag AS, 2003 [First published 1996], ISBN 82-456-0178-0 (挪威语)
- Strandskogen, Åse-Berit, Norsk fonetikk for utlendinger, Oslo: Gyldendal, 1979, ISBN 82-05-10107-8 (挪威语)
- Vanvik, Arne, Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, 1979, ISBN 82-990584-0-6 (挪威语)
- Vanvik, Arne, Norsk Uttaleordbok: A Norwegian pronouncing dictionary, Oslo: Fonetisk institutt, Universitetet i Oslo, 1985, ISBN 978-8299058414
外部鏈結编辑
- Lexin. Uni Research Computing.
- Nordavinden og sola: Opptak og transkripsjoner av norske dialekter. Trondheim: Institutt for språk- og kommunikasjonsstudier, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet (挪威语).
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