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下表顯示在維基條目中的一些挪威語的內容如何使用國際音標發音。這裡使用的口音是城市東挪威語這種口音使用於奧斯陸地區,是書面挪威語的非官方發音標準,也是外國人最常學習的口音。關於發音的詳細資訊請參見挪威語音系學。
輔音
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IPA
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例子
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最接近的英文等價發音
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b
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bil
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bee
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ç
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kjip
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與 huge 類似
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d
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dag
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day
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ɖ
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sardin[1]
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卷舌的/d/
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ʁd
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(無等價英文發音)
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f
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fot
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foot
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ɡ
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god
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good
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h
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hatt
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hat
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j
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jojo
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yoyo
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k
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kafé
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café
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l
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lake
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lack
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l̩
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little
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ɭ
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Karl[1]
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捲舌的 /l/
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ʁl
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(無等價英文發音)
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m
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man
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man
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n
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natt
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night
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n̩
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natten
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chosen
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ɳ
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barn[1]
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捲舌的 /n/
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ʁn
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(無等價英文發音)
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ɳ̍
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baren
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ŋ
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ting
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thing
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p
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pappa
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papa
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r
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år[1][2]
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閃音或顫音的「r」。
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ʁ
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法語:rester;大約跟蘇格蘭英語的 loch 相似
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ɽ
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跟西班牙語的 Caro相同,但是是捲舌音。
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ɽ̍
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Vålerengaⓘ
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(無等價英文發音)
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s
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sabel
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sabre
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ʂ
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sjø
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與 shoe 相似,但是捲舌音
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torsdag[1]
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shoe
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ʁs
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(無等價英文發音)
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t
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tirsdag
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tea
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ʈ
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parti[1]
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卷舌的/t/
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ʁt
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(無等價英文發音)
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v
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vaktel
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vat
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重音與聲調
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IPA
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例子
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解釋
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ˈ
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bønder [ˈbønːər] [ˈbønːəʁ]
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第一聲/尖音符:[9]
- 在奧斯陸和特隆赫姆是低升調(low-rising):[ˈbø̀nːə̌r]
- 在卑爾根是降低調(falling-low):[ˈbø̂nːə̀ʁ]
- 在斯塔萬格是升降調(rising-falling):[ˈbø̌nːɔ̂ʁ]
- 在一些口音中為單純的主重音:[ˈbønːər][10]
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²
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bønner [²bønːər] [²bønːəʁ]
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第二聲/重音符:[9]
- 在奧斯陸和特隆赫姆是降升調(falling-rising):[ˈbø̂nːə̌r]
- 在卑爾根是升降調(rising-falling):[ˈbø̌nːə̂ʁ]
- 在斯塔萬格是重降調(falling-falling):[ˈbø̂nːɔ̂ʁ]
- 在一些口音中為單純的主重音:[ˈbønːər][10]
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- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 在許多擁有舌尖捲舌音的方言中,a recursive Sandhi process of retroflexion occurs, and clusters of /r/ and dental consonants /rd/, /rl/, /rn/, /rs/, /rt/ produce retroflex consonant realizations: [ɖ], [ɭ], [ɳ], [ʂ], [ʈ]. In dialects with a guttural R, such as Southern and Western Norwegian dialects, they are [ʁd], [ʁl], [ʁn], [ʁs], [ʁt].
- ^ /r/ varies considerably in different dialects: it is alveolar in some dialects and uvular in others.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Before /r/, the quality of non-high front vowels is changed: /eː/ and /e/ lower to [æː] and [æ].
- ^ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 [ɔ, ɔː, ø, øː, y, yː, ɔy, øy] are protruded vowels, and [ʉ, ʉː, u, uː] (including the [ʉ] element in [æʉ] and [ʉi]) are compressed; see roundedness for details.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 The distinction between compressed [ʉ] and protruded [y] is particularly difficult to hear for non-native speakers:
- Norwegian compressed [ʉ] sounds very close to German compressed [ʏ] (as in müssen [ˈmʏsn̩]ⓘ).
- Norwegian protruded [y] sounds more similar to English unrounded [ɪ] (as in hit) than to German compressed [ʏ], and it is very close to Swedish protruded [ʏ] (as in syll [sʏlː]ⓘ).
- ^ 6.0 6.1 The distinction between compressed [ʉː] and protruded [yː] is particularly difficult to hear for non-native speakers:
- 挪威語 compressed [ʉː] sounds very close to German compressed [yː] (as in üben [ˈyːbn̩]ⓘ).
- 挪威語 protruded [yː] sounds more similar to English unrounded [iː] (as in leave) than to German compressed [yː], and it is very close to Swedish protruded [yː] (as in syl [syːl]ⓘ).
- ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 /ɑi, ei, ɔy/ appear only in loanwords. /ei/ is used only by some younger speakers, who contrast it with /æi/; speakers who do not have /ei/ in their diphthong inventory replace it with /æi/ (Kristoffersen (2000:19頁)).
- ^ /ʉi/只出現在 hui 一字中(Kristoffersen (2000:19頁))。
- ^ 9.0 9.1 除非必要,否則條目中一般不會使用嚴式標音標註挪威語字詞的聲調。
- ^ 10.0 10.1 一些口音只有單純的主重音,而沒有具音高對比的聲調。例如,在這些口音中,bønder(農夫)和bønner(豆子)的發音完全相同。
- Berulfsen, Bjarne, Norsk Uttaleordbok, Oslo: H. Aschehoug & Co (W Nygaard), 1969 (挪威语)
- Kristoffersen, Gjert, The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford University Press, 2000, ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5
- Skaug, Ingebjørg, Norsk språklydlære med øvelser 3rd, Oslo: Cappelen Akademisk Forlag AS, 2003 [First published 1996], ISBN 82-456-0178-0 (挪威语)
- Strandskogen, Åse-Berit, Norsk fonetikk for utlendinger, Oslo: Gyldendal, 1979, ISBN 82-05-10107-8 (挪威语)
- Vanvik, Arne, Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, 1979, ISBN 82-990584-0-6 (挪威语)
- Vanvik, Arne, Norsk Uttaleordbok: A Norwegian pronouncing dictionary, Oslo: Fonetisk institutt, Universitetet i Oslo, 1985, ISBN 978-8299058414