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支流（英語：Tributary、Affluent[1]、Confluent[2]），是指匯入幹流或其他水體，而不直接入海的河流或溪流。[3]支流與幹流共同組成一條河流的水系；兩條或多條河流的交會處稱為合流或匯流處，而與支流相反的概念是分流——離開幹流，獨自入海的河流。[4]支流的變種再合支流（英語：Anabranch）相似但有別於分流，前者亦從幹流中岔出，然而在行進一段距離後便會再次匯入幹流。
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A tributary[5] or affluent[6] is a stream or river that flows into a larger stream or main stem (or parent) river or a lake.[7] A tributary does not flow directly into a sea or ocean. Tributaries and the main stem river drain the surrounding drainage basin of its surface water and groundwater, leading the water out into an ocean.
A confluence, where two or more bodies of water meet together, usually refers to the joining of tributaries.
The opposite to a tributary is a distributary, a river or stream that branches off from and flows away from the main stream.[8] Distributaries are most often found in river deltas.
Terminology 编辑
"Right tributary" and "left tributary" (or "right-bank tributary" and "left-bank tributary") are terms stating the orientation of the tributary relative to the flow of the main stem river. These terms are defined from the perspective of looking downstream (in the direction the water current of the main stem is going).[9]
An "early tributary" is a tributary that joins the main stem river closer to the main river's source than its end. Similarly, a "late tributary" joins the main river much further downstream, closer to the main river's end point.
In the United States, where tributaries sometimes have the same name as the river into which they feed, they are called forks. These are typically designated by compass direction. For example, the American River in California receives flow from its North, Middle, and South forks. The Chicago River's North Branch has the East, West, and Middle Fork; the South Branch has its South Fork, and used to have a West Fork as well (now filled in).
Forks are sometimes designated as right or left. Here, the "handedness" is from the point of view of an observer facing upstream. For instance, Steer Creek has a left tributary which is called Right Fork Steer Creek.
Ordering and enumeration 编辑
Tributaries are sometimes listed starting with those nearest to the source of the river and ending with those nearest to the mouth of the river. The Strahler Stream Order examines the arrangement of tributaries in a hierarchy of first, second, third, and higher orders, with the first-order tributary being typically the least in size. For example, a second-order tributary would be the result of two or more first-order tributaries combining to form the second-order tributary.[9]
Another method is to list tributaries from mouth to source, in the form of a tree structure, stored as a tree data structure.[來源請求]
Gallery 编辑
- A gallery of major river basins with tributaries
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The water basin of the Wabash River; the other rivers (not including the Ohio River) are tributaries of the Wabash River. The Vermillion River (and its forks) is a highlighted example of a tributary of the Wabash River. The Wabash River is also a tributary of the Ohio River. -
The basin of the Amazon River is a system made up of many tributary streams. The streams shown on the map besides the Amazon are tributaries of the Amazon. The Amazon is not a tributary of any other rivers because it ends in the Atlantic Ocean. -
The Liao River is a much simpler example of a river basin with tributaries. The main tributaries noted on this map are the Hun River, Taizi River, Dongliao River, Xinkai River, Xiliao River, Xar Moron River and the Laoha River. The Xiliao River has the tributaries on the map the Xar Moron and Laoha Rivers. -
Jialing River tributaries (which itself is a tributary of the Yangtze River). -
Huai River tributaries (which itself is a tributary of the Yangtze River).
See also 编辑
References 编辑
- ^ affluent. 美國傳統英語字典. [2020-7-20].
n.
1. A stream or river that flows into a larger one; a tributary.
2. A person who is well-off financially: "the so-called emerging affluents" (Leslie Tweeton).
3. (used with a pl. verb) Wealthy people considered as a group. Often used with the. - ^ confluent. 美國傳統英語字典. [2020-7-20].
n.
1. One of two or more confluent streams.
2. A tributary. - ^ Krebs, Robert E. The Basics of Earth Science. 格林伍德. 2003. ISBN 978-0-313-31930-3.
- ^ Delta Distributary. 國家地理. [2020-7-21]. （原始内容存档于2020-7-21）.
The opposite of a tributary is a distributary. Distributaries, where rivers branch off to form smaller streams, are probably the most familiar features of deltas.
- ^ "tributary". PhysicalGeography.net, Michael Pidwirny & Scott Jones, 2009. Viewed 17 September 2012.
- ^ "affluent". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. Viewed 30 Sep. 2008.
- ^ Definition of TRIBUTARY. Merriam-Webster.
- ^ "opposite to a tributary". PhysicalGeography.net, Michael Pidwirny & Scott Jones, 2009. Viewed 17 September 2012.
- ^ 9.0 9.1 Bisson, Peter and Wondzell, Steven. “Olympic Experimental State Forest Synthesis of Riparian Research and Monitoring”, United States Forest Service, p. 15 (December 1, 2009).
