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| A大调第5号小提琴协奏曲 | |
|---|---|
| “土耳其” | |
| 沃尔夫冈·阿马德乌斯·莫扎特作品 | |
 作曲家（一已佚画作的复制品，1777年） | |
| 調性 | A大调 |
| 目錄號 | K. 219 |
| 创作 | 1775年 |
| 樂章 | 3 |
| 配器 | 小提琴、管弦乐团 |
A大調第5號小提琴協奏曲（K. 219）是莫扎特19岁时的作品，1775年12月完成於薩爾茨堡，有“土耳其”的别名[1] 。
本作品是莫扎特的最后一部[註 1]、也是最著名的小提琴協奏曲。它對小提琴技巧的要求為五首之冠，長度也是最長；同時，其寫作手法亦有不少獨特之處。
此外，本曲的手稿不像其他四首保存在波蘭雅蓋隆圖書館內，而在美国國會圖書館音樂分館內[2][3]。
The Violin Concerto No. 5 in A major, K. 219, often referred to by the nickname "Turkish",was written by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in 1775, premiering during the Christmas season that year in Salzburg. It follows the typical fast-slow-fast musical structure.
Background 编辑
Mozart composed the majority of his concertos for string instruments from 1773 to 1779, but it is unknown for whom, or for what occasion, he wrote them. [3] Similarly, the dating of these works is unclear. Analysis of the handwriting, papers and watermarks has proved that all five violin concertos were re-dated several times. The year of composition of the fifth concerto "1775" was scratched out and replaced by "1780", and later changed again to "1775".[3] Mozart would not use the key of A major for a concerto again until the Piano Concerto No. 12 (K. 414).
背景 编辑
莫扎特为弦乐器谱写的协奏曲主要完成于1773至1779年间，[3]完成日期都不确定。对笔迹、纸张和水印的分析发现，他的五部小提琴协奏曲签署的日期都被重写了数次。本作品的完成年份从“1775”改为“1780”，又被改了回去。[3]
委約人布魯勒堤不喜歡第二乐章，认为其過於「人工化」，莫扎特於是便寫了E大調慢板來遷就，作为第二乐章的替代乐章，亦只在布魯勒堤演奏時才會選用[4]。不過同年由於布魯勒堤离任薩爾茨堡樂團的首席，E大調慢板後來便獨立出版。
莫扎特直到他的第12号钢琴协奏曲（K.414）才再次使用A大调。[5]
The autograph score is preserved in the Library of Congress, Washington D.C.
配器 编辑
結構 编辑
本作品有典型的快—慢—快乐章结构。
- 第一樂章
開放的快板（Allegro aperto）－慢板（Adagio）－開放的快板（Allegro aperto）
- 第二樂章
慢板（Adagio）
- 第三樂章
迴旋曲（Rondo）－小步舞曲速度（Tempo di Minuetto）
Structure 编辑
The concerto is scored for two oboes, two horns and strings.
The movements are as follows:
The aperto marking on the first movement is rare in Mozart's instrumental music (two of his piano concerti, Piano Concerto No. 6 in B♭ Major and Piano Concerto No. 8 in C Major, have this marking, as does his Oboe Concerto in C Major), but appears much more frequently in his operas. It implies that the piece should be played in a broader, more majestic way than might be indicated simply by allegro. The first movement opens with the orchestra playing the main theme, a typical Mozartian tune. The solo violin comes in with a short but sweet dolce adagio passage in A major with a simple accompaniment by the orchestra. (This is the only instance in Mozart's concerto repertoire in which an adagio interlude of this sort occurs at the first soloist entry of the concerto.，第一樂章樂隊呈示部後，小提琴先奏出一個慢板過場後才回到獨奏呈示部。) It then transitions back to the main theme with the solo violin playing a different melody on top of the orchestra. The first movement is 10–11 minutes long.
Adagio (E major)
The rondo Finale is based on a minuet theme which recurs several times. In the middle of the movement the meter changes from 
to 
and a section of "Turkish music" is played. This is characterised by the shift to A minor (from the original A major), and by the use of grotesque elements, such as unison chromatic crescendos, repetition of very short musical elements and col legno playing in the cellos and double basses. This section gave the concerto the nickname "The Turkish Concerto". The famous Rondo alla Turca from Mozart's piano sonata in A major features the same key and similar elements.
Mozart later composed the Adagio in E major for Violin and Orchestra, K. 261, as a substitute slow movement for this concerto.
The entire piece is about 28 minutes long.
注释 编辑
参考资料 编辑
- ^ May, Thomas. Violin Concerto No. 5 in A major, K. 219. Kennedy Center. [30 October 2019].
- ^ 新莫扎特全集 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）的序言部分，頁X（德語版本）。
- ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Mahling, Christoph-Hellmut. preface. Konzert in A für Violine und Orchester Nr. 5 KV 219. Klavierauszug (Piano Reduction). By Mozart, W. A. Kassel: Bärenreiter Verlag. 2003: VI–VII. ISMN M-006-45361-0
- ^ 存档副本. [2011-08-30]. （原始内容存档于2011-08-10）.
- ^ p. 48, Heartz (2008) Daniel. New York. Mozart, Haydn and early Beethoven, 1781-1802 W. W. Norton
外部連結 编辑
- 《莫扎特第5號小提琴協奏曲》：谱子和报道（德语），《莫扎特全集》
- 莫扎特第5號小提琴協奏曲: 国际乐谱典藏计划上的乐谱
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