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User:WeiHsiang Wang/DJ庫爾·赫克

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DJ Kool Herc
DJ Kool Herc in New York, 2006
音乐家
昵称
  • Kool DJ Herc
  • Kool Herc
  • Father of Hip-Hop
出生Clive Campbell
(1955-04-16) 1955年4月16日（68歲）[1][2][3]
Kingston, Jamaica
职业DJ
音乐类型Hip-hop
出道地点The Bronx, New York City, New York, U.S.
活跃年代1973–present
网站djkoolherc.com
相关团体

Clive Campbell (born April 16, 1955), better known by his stage name DJ Kool Herc, is a Jamaican–American DJ who is credited with helping originate hip hop music in The Bronx, New York City, in the 1970s through his "Back to School Jam"[4], hosted on August 11, 1973 at 1520 Sedgwick Avenue. After his younger sister, Cindy Campbell, became inspired to earn extra cash for back-to-school clothes, she decided to have her older brother, then 16 years old, play music for the neighborhood in their apartment building.[5] Known as the "Founder of Hip-Hop" and "Father of Hip-Hop", Campbell began playing hard funk records of the sort typified by James Brown as an alternative both to the violent gang culture of the Bronx and to the nascent popularity of disco in the 1970s.

Campbell began to isolate the instrumental portion of the record which emphasized the drum beat—the "break"—and switch from one break to another. Using the same two-turntable set-up of disco DJs, he used two copies of the same record to elongate the break. This breakbeat DJing, using funky drum solos, formed the basis of hip hop music. Campbell's announcements and exhortations to dancers helped lead to the syncopated, rhythmically spoken accompaniment now known as rapping.

He called the dancers "break-boys" and "break-girls", or simply b-boys and b-girls. Campbell's DJ style was quickly taken up by figures such as Afrika Bambaataa and Grandmaster Flash. Unlike them, he never made the move into commercially recorded hip hop in its earliest years.

Biography 编辑

Early life and education 编辑

 
The front of 1520 Sedgwick Avenue, where Campbell lived with his family and threw his first parties.

Clive Campbell was the first of six children born to Keith and Nettie Campbell in Kingston, Jamaica. While growing up, he saw and heard the sound systems of neighborhood parties called dance halls, and the accompanying speech of their DJs, known as toasting. He emigrated with his family at the age of 12 to The Bronx, New York City in November 1967,[6] where they lived at 1520 Sedgwick Avenue.

Campbell attended the Alfred E. Smith Career and Technical Education High School in the Bronx, where his height, frame, and demeanor on the basketball court prompted the other kids to nickname him "Hercules".[7] He began running with a graffiti crew called the Ex-Vandals, taking the name Kool Herc.[8] Herc recalls persuading his father to buy him a copy of "Sex Machine" by James Brown, a record that not a lot of his friends had, and which they would come to him to hear.[9] He and his sister, Cindy, began hosting back-to-school parties in the recreation room of their building, 1520 Sedgwick Avenue.[10]

Herc's first sound system consisted of two turntables connected to two amplifiers and a Shure "Vocal Master" PA system with two speaker columns, on which he played records such as James Brown's "Give It Up or Turnit a Loose", Jimmy Castor's "It's Just Begun" and Booker T. & the M.G.'s' "Melting Pot".[8] With Bronx clubs struggling with street gangs, uptown DJs catering to an older disco crowd with different aspirations, and commercial radio also catering to a demographic distinct from teenagers in the Bronx, Herc's parties had a ready-made audience.[8][11][12]

The "break" 编辑

DJ Kool Herc developed the style that was the blueprint for hip hop music. Herc used the record to focus on a short, heavily percussive part in it: the "break". Since this part of the record was the one the dancers liked best, Herc isolated the break and prolonged it by changing between two record players. As one record reached the end of the break, he cued a second record back to the beginning of the break, which allowed him to extend a relatively short section of music into "five-minute loop of fury".[13] This innovation had its roots in what Herc called "The Merry-Go-Round," a technique by which the deejay switched from break to break at the height of the party. This technique is specifically called "The Merry-Go-Round" because according to Herc, it takes one "back and forth with no slack."[14]

Herc stated that he first introduced the Merry-Go-Round into his sets in 1972.[15] The earliest known Merry-Go-Round involved playing James Brown's "Give It Up or Turnit a Loose" (with its refrain, "Now clap your hands! Stomp your feet!"), then switching from that record's break into the break from a second record, "Bongo Rock" by The Incredible Bongo Band. From the "Bongo Rock"'s break, Herc used a third record to switch to the break on "The Mexican" by the English rock band Babe Ruth.[16]

Kool Herc also contributed to developing the rhyming style of hip hop by punctuating the recorded music with slang phrases, announcing: "Rock on, my mellow!" "B-boys, b-girls, are you ready? keep on rock steady" "This is the joint! Herc beat on the point" "To the beat, y'all!" "You don't stop!"[17][18] For his contributions, Herc is called a "founding father of hip hop,"[19][20] a "nascent cultural hero,"[21] and an integral part of the beginnings of hip hop by Time.[22][23]

On August 11, 1973, DJ Kool Herc was a disc jockey and emcee at a party in the recreation room at Sedgwick Avenue.[24] Specifically, DJ Kool Herc:

extended an instrumental beat (breaking or scratching) to let people dance longer (break dancing) and began MC'ing (rapping) during the extended breakdancing. ... [This] helped lay the foundation for a cultural revolution.

——History Detectives[24]
 
Herc in 1999 holding James Brown's Sex Machine album

.

According to music journalist Steven Ivory, in 1973, Herc placed on the turntables two copies of Brown's 1970 Sex Machine album and ran "an extended cut 'n' mix of the percussion breakdown" from "Give It Up or Turnit Loose", signaling the birth of hip hop.[25]

B-boys and b-girls 编辑

The "b-boys" and "b-girls" were the dancers to Herc's breaks, who were described as "breaking". Herc has noted that "breaking" was also street slang of the time meaning "getting excited", "acting energetically," or "causing a disturbance".[26] Herc coined the terms "b-boy", "b-girl," and "breaking" which became part of the lexicon of what would be eventually called hip hop culture. Early Kool Herc b-boy and later DJ innovator Grandmixer DXT describes the early evolution as follows:

... [E]verybody would form a circle and the B-boys would go into the center. At first the dance was simple: touch your toes, hop, kick out your leg. Then some guy went down, spun around on all fours. Everybody said wow and went home to try to come up with something better.[17]

In the early 1980s, the media began to call this style "breakdance," which in 1991 the New York Times wrote was "an art as demanding and inventive as mainstream dance forms like ballet and jazz."[27] Since this emerging culture was still without a name, participants often identified as "b-boys," a usage that included and went beyond the specific connection to dance, a usage that would persist in hip hop culture.[28]

Move to the streets 编辑

With the mystique of his graffiti name, his physical stature, and the reputation of his small parties, Herc became a folk hero in the Bronx. He began to play at nearby clubs including the Twilight Zone[10] Hevalo, Executive Playhouse, the PAL on 183rd Street,[8] as well as at high schools such as Dodge and Taft.[29] Rapping duties were delegated to Coke La Rock[30] and Theodore Puccio.[31] Herc's collective, known as The Herculoids, was augmented by Clark Kent and dancers The Nigga Twins.[8] Herc took his soundsystem (the herculords) —still legendary for its sheer volume[32]—to the streets and parks of the Bronx. Nelson George recalls a schoolyard party:

The sun hadn't gone down yet, and kids were just hanging out, waiting for something to happen. Van pulls up, a bunch of guys come out with a table, crates of records. They unscrew the base of the light pole, take their equipment, attach it to that, get the electricity – Boom! We got a concert right here in the schoolyard and it's this guy Kool Herc. And he's just standing with the turntable, and the guys were studying his hands. There are people dancing, but there's as many people standing, just watching what he's doing. That was my first introduction to in-the-street, hip hop DJing.[33]

Influence on artists 编辑

In 1975, the young Grandmaster Flash, to whom Kool Herc was, in his words, "a hero", began DJing in Herc's style. By 1976, Flash and his MCs The Furious Five played to a packed Audubon Ballroom in Manhattan. Venue owners were often nervous of unruly young crowds, however, and soon sent hip hop back to the clubs, community centres and high school gymnasiums of the Bronx.[34]

Afrika Bambaataa first heard Kool Herc in 1973. Bambaataa, at that time a general in the notorious Black Spades gang of the Bronx, obtained his own soundsystem in 1975 and began to DJ in Herc's style, converting his followers to the non-violent Zulu Nation in the process. Kool Herc began using The Incredible Bongo Band's "Apache" as a break in 1975. It became a firm b-boy favourite—"the Bronx national anthem"[17]—and is still in use in hip hop today.[15] Steven Hager wrote of this period:

For over five years the Bronx had lived in constant terror of street gangs. Suddenly, in 1975, they disappeared almost as quickly as they had arrived. This happened because something better came along to replace the gangs. That something was eventually called hip-hop.[17]

In 1979, the record company executive Sylvia Robinson assembled a group she called The Sugarhill Gang and recorded "Rapper's Delight". The hit song ushered in the era of commercially released hip hop. By that year's end, Grandmaster Flash was recording for Enjoy Records. In 1980, Afrika Bambaataa began recording for Winley. By this time, DJ Kool Herc's star had faded.

Grandmaster Flash suggests that Herc may not have kept pace with developments in techniques of cueing (lining up a record to play at a certain place on it).[35] Developments changed techniques of cutting (switching from one record to another) and scratching (moving the record by hand to and fro under the stylus for percussive effect) in the late 1970s. Herc said he retreated from the scene after being stabbed at the Executive Playhouse while trying to intercede in a fight, and the burning down of one of his venues. In 1980, Herc had stopped DJing and was working in a record shop in South Bronx.

Later years 编辑

 
Herc spins records in the Hunts Point section of the Bronx at a February 28, 2009 event addressing the "West Indian Roots of Hip-Hop."

Kool Herc appeared in Hollywood's motion picture take on hip hop, Beat Street (Orion, 1984), as himself. In the mid-1980s, his father died, and he became addicted to crack cocaine. "I couldn't cope, so I started medicating", he says of this period.[36]

In 1994, Herc performed on Terminator X & the Godfathers of Threatt's album, Super Bad.[8] In 2005, he wrote the foreword to Jeff Chang's book on hip hop, Can't Stop Won't Stop. In 2005 he appeared in the music video of "Top 5 (Dead or Alive)" by Jin from the album The Emcee's Properganda. In 2006, he became involved in getting Hip Hop commemorated at the Smithsonian Institution museums.[37] He participated in the 2007 Dance parade.

Since 2007, Herc has worked on a campaign to prevent 1520 Sedgwick Avenue from being sold to developers and withdrawn from its status as an Mitchell-Lama affordable housing property.[38] In the summer of 2007, New York state officials declared 1520 Sedgwick Avenue the "birthplace of hip-hop", and nominated it to national and state historic registers.[10] The city's Department of Housing Preservation and Development ruled against the proposed sale in February 2008, on the grounds that "the proposed purchase price is inconsistent with the use of property as a Mitchell-Lama affordable housing development". It is the first time they have so ruled in such a case.[39]

Serious illness 编辑

According to a DJ Premier fan blog,[40] The Source's website[41] and other sites, DJ Kool Herc fell gravely ill in early 2011 and was said to lack health insurance.[42] He had surgery for kidney stones, with a stent placed to relieve the pressure. He needed follow-up surgery but St. Barnabas Hospital in the Bronx, the site that performed the previous surgery, has requested that he make a deposit toward the next surgery, because he has missed several follow-up visits. The hospital said it would not turn away uninsured patients in the emergency room.[43] DJ Kool Herc and his family set up an official website on which he describes his medical issue and the larger goal of establishing the DJ Kool Herc Fund to pioneer long-term health care solutions.[44] In April 2013, Campbell recovered from surgery and moved into post-medical care.[44]

First vinyl record 编辑

In May 2019 Kool Herc released his first vinyl record ever with Dj/Producer Mr. Green. “Last of the Classic Beats” was critically acclaimed.

Discography 编辑

Albums 编辑

  • 2019 - Last of the Classic Beats (with Mr. Green)

Guest appearances 编辑

Notes 编辑

  1. ^ OldSchool Hip-Hop – Kool Herc
  2. ^ XX:L Magazine – Today In Hip Hop – DJ Kool Herc Celebrates 58th Birthday – April 16, 2013
  3. ^ BlackPast – DJ Kool Herc
  4. ^ Party Over Here: An Oral History of Kool Herc's Historic Back-to-School Jam. Mass Appeal. 2017-08-11 [2019-04-02] （美国英语）. 
  5. ^ Allah, Sha Be. Today in Hip Hop History: Kool Herc's Party At 1520 Sedgwick Avenue 45 Years Ago Marks The Foundation Of The Culture Known As Hip Hop. The Source. 2018-08-11 [2019-03-12] （美国英语）. 
  6. ^ Chang, pp. 68–72.
  7. ^ Rhodes, Henry A. The Evolution of Rap Music in the United States (PDF): 5-6. 2003. 
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 Shapiro, pp. 212–213.
  9. ^ Ogg, p. 13.
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Roug, Louise. "Hip-hop May Save Bronx Homes", Los Angeles Times, February 24, 2008. Link retrieved September 9, 2008.
  11. ^ Ogg, p. 14, p. 18.
  12. ^ Toop, p. 65.
  13. ^ Chang, p. 79
  14. ^ falkmanbeatz -break bboy / bgirl channel-, The Freshest Kids: The History of the B-Boy (Full Documentary), January 8, 2014 [April 26, 2017] 
  15. ^ 15.0 15.1 Hermes, Will. "All Rise for the National Anthem of Hip-Hop", The New York Times, October 29, 2006. Retrieved on September 9, 2008.
  16. ^ Ogg, pp. 14–15.
  17. ^ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 Hager, in Cepeda, p. 12–26. Cepeda writes that this article was the first appearance of the term hip hop in print, and credits Bambaataa with its coinage (p. 3).
  18. ^ Toop, p. 69
  19. ^ Karon, Tony. 'Hip-Hop Nation' Is Exhibit A for America's Latest Cultural Revolution. Time. September 22, 2000 [January 1, 2009]. 
  20. ^ Farley, Christopher John. Rock's New Spin. Time. October 18, 1999 [January 1, 2009]. 
  21. ^ 5 Fine Books You Missed (We Did). Time. June 11, 2006 [January 1, 2009]. 
  22. ^ Farley, Christopher John. DJ Craze. Time. July 9, 2001 [January 1, 2009]. 
  23. ^ Dancehall Days. Time. June 11, 2003 [January 1, 2009]. 
  24. ^ 24.0 24.1 Tukufu Zuberi ("detective"), "BIRTHPLACE OF HIP HOP", History Detectives, Season 6, Episode 11, New York City, found at PBS official website. Accessed February 24, 2009.
  25. ^ Ivory, Stephen. The Funk Box (CD box set booklet). Hip-O Records: 12. 2000. 314 541 789-2. 
  26. ^ Kool Herc, in Israel (director), The Freshest Kids, QD3, 2002.
  27. ^ Dunning, Jennifer. "Nurturing Onstage the Moves Born on the Ghettos' Streets", New York Times, November 26, 1991.
  28. ^ See for example Suggah B in Cross, p. 303: "I'm a B-girl till I die, when they bury me they're gonna bury me with some shelltoes on my feet and some gold around my neck because that is how I feel."
  29. ^ Ogg, p. 14, p. 17.
  30. ^ www.blackawarenessfoundation.com/?p=3885. www.blackawarenessfoundation.com. [August 23, 2017]. 
  31. ^ Breaks, Bronx, Boogie, Beat: What Is Bboying?. breakdancedecoded.com. [August 23, 2017] （美国英语）. 
  32. ^ Toop, p. 18–19 et al.
  33. ^ Ogg, p. 17
  34. ^ Toop, pp. 74–76.
  35. ^ Toop, p. 62.
  36. ^ Gonzales, Michael A. "The Holy House of Hip-hop: How the Rec Room Where Hip-hop Was Born Became a Battleground For Affordable Housing", New York, October 6, 2008.
  37. ^ Sisario, Ben. Smithsonian's Doors Open to a Hip-Hop Beat. The New York Times. The New York Times Company. March 1, 2006 [January 1, 2009]. 
  38. ^ Gonzalez, David. Will Gentrification Spoil the Birthplace of Hip-Hop?. The New York Times. The New York Times Company. May 21, 2007 [January 1, 2009]. 
  39. ^ Lee, Jennifer 8. "City Rejects Sale of Building Seen as Hip-Hop’s Birthplace", The New York Times, March 4, 2008.
  40. ^ Update-Donations To Kool Herc Via Paypal Now Available. [January 30, 2010]. 
  41. ^ DJ Kool Herc – Health, Condition. [January 30, 2010]. （原始内容存档于February 3, 2011）. 
  42. ^ Headlines, Democracy Now, February 1, 2011. Retrieved February 1, 2011.
  43. ^ Gonzales, David. Kool Herc Is in Pain, and Using It to Put Focus on Insurance. The New York Times. January 31, 2011 [April 16, 2011]. 
  44. ^ 44.0 44.1 Official DJ Kool Herc Website. DJKoolHerc.com. February 2, 2011 [February 2, 2011]. 
  45. ^ Marshall, Wayne. Kool Herc. Hess, Mickey (编). Icons of Hip Hop: An Encyclopedia of the Movement, Music, and Culture. Greenwood Publishing Group. 2007: 23. ISBN 978-0-313-33902-8. 
  46. ^ Wade, Ian. The Chemical Brothers – Dig Your Own Hole – Review. BBC. 2011 [July 16, 2015]. 
  47. ^ Cooper, Roman. Substantial – Sacrifice. HipHopDX. January 30, 2008 [July 16, 2015]. 

References 编辑

  • Chang, Jeff. Can't Stop Won't Stop: A History of the Hip-Hop Generation. St. Martin's Press, New York: 2005. ISBN 978-0-312-42579-1
  • Cross, Brian. It's Not About A Salary...Rap, Race and Resistance in Los Angeles. New York: Verso, 1993. ISBN 978-0-86091-620-8
  • Hager, Steven, "Afrika Bambaataa's Hip-Hop", Village Voice, September 21, 1982. Reprinted in And It Don't Stop! The Best American Hip-Hop Journalism of the Last 25 Years. Cepeda, Raquel (ed.). New York: Faber and Faber, Inc., 2004. ISBN 978-0-571-21159-3
  • Ogg, Alex, with Upshall, David. The Hip Hop Years, London: Macmillan, 1999 ISBN 978-0-7522-1780-2
  • Shapiro, Peter. Rough Guide to Hip-Hop, 2nd. ed., London: Rough Guides, 2005 ISBN 978-1-84353-263-7
  • Toop, David. Rap Attack, 3rd. ed., London: Serpent's Tail, 2000 ISBN 978-1-85242-627-9

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