阿米替林Amitriptyline[5],商品名称Elavil,是使用最广泛的一种止痛药[6] 阿米替林可以治疗许多精神障碍[7],包括重度抑郁症焦虑症,有时候也用来治疗精神病注意力缺陷多动障碍(ADHD,多动症)和双相情感障碍[7][8]。阿米替林也可以预防偏头痛、治疗包括纤维肌痛症疱疹后神经痛英语postherpetic neuralgia在内的神经性疼痛,偶尔也会被用于治疗失眠[7][9]。该药属于口服药物[7]

阿米替林
临床资料
商品名英语Drug nomenclatureAmitrip, Elevil, Endep, Levate
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa682388
核准状况
怀孕分级
  • : C
给药途径口服,肌注
ATC码
法律规范状态
法律规范
药物动力学数据
生物利用度30–60%因经过首过代谢
血浆蛋白结合率96%[1][2][3][4]
药物代谢肝脏 (CYP2D6)[1][2][3][4]
生物半衰期22.4 小时(26 hr for active metabolite, nortriptyline)[1][2][3][4]
排泄途径肾脏[1][2][3][4]
识别信息
  • 3-(10,11-Dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene-5-ylidene)-N,N-dimethylpropan-1-amine
CAS号50-48-6  checkY
549-18-8hydrochloride
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard英语CompTox Chemicals Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.000.038 编辑维基数据链接
化学信息
化学式C20H23N
摩尔质量277.403 g/mol
3D模型(JSmol英语JSmol
  • c3cc2c(/C(c1c(cccc1)CC2)=C\CCN(C)C)cc3
  • InChI=1S/C20H23N/c1-21(2)15-7-12-20-18-10-5-3-8-16(18)13-14-17-9-4-6-11-19(17)20/h3-6,8-12H,7,13-15H2,1-2H3 checkY
  • Key:KRMDCWKBEZIMAB-UHFFFAOYSA-N checkY

常见的副作用包含口干、视觉障碍、姿位性低血压、嗜睡,以及便秘等等。严重的副作用可能会造成癫痫发作尿滞留青光眼,或是其他心脏问题,25岁以下的用药者甚至会有增加自杀念头的风险。该药切忌与单胺氧化酶抑制剂希塞菩英语cisapride等药物合用[7]。妊娠时服用阿米替林可能具有风险[10][7]哺乳期间用药目前认为是安全的[11]。该药为使用最广泛的一种三环类抗抑郁药(TCA),然其详细机转仍不清楚[7]

在1960年首次发现阿米替林[12],并于1961年被美国食品药品监督管理局核准[13]。该药列名世界卫生组织基本药物标准清单当中,为基础医疗体系的必备用药之一[14]。该药属于通用名药物[7],2014年每剂的批发价价格区间位于0.01至0.04美金之间[15],美国境内则约一剂0.20美金左右[7]

药理 编辑

药效 编辑

受体 Ki [nM][a]
(阿米替林)[16][17]
Ki [nM][b]
(去甲替林)[16][17]
SERT 3.13 16.5
NET 22.4 4.37
DAT 5380 3100
5-HT1A英语5-HT1A receptor 450 294
5-HT1B英语5-HT1B receptor 840 -
5-HT2A英语5-HT2A receptor 4.3 5
5-HT2C英语5-HT2C receptor 6.15 8.5
5-HT6英语5-HT6 receptor 103 148
5-HT7英语5-HT7 receptor 114 -
H1英语Histamine H1 receptor 1.1 15.1
H3英语Histamine H3 receptor 1000 -
H4英语Histamine H4 receptor 33.6 -
M1英语Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 12.9 40
M2英语Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2 11.8 110
M3英语Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 25.9 50
M4英语Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4 7.2 84
M5英语Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5 19.9 97
α1英语alpha-1 adrenergic receptor 24 55
α2英语alpha-2 adrenergic receptor 690 2030
D1英语Dopamine D1 receptor 89 -
D2 1460 2570
D3英语Dopamine D3 receptor 206 -
D5英语Dopamine D5 receptor 170 -
σ英语Sigma receptor 300 2000

备注 编辑

  1. ^ These Ki values are averaged binding affinities towards cloned human receptors when available.
  2. ^ As with amitriptyline, these Kivalues are averaged binding affinities towards cloned human receptors when available.

引用 编辑

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 AMITRIPTYLINE HYDROCHLORIDE tablet, film coated [Dispensing Solutions, Inc.]. DailyMed. Dispensing Solutions, Inc. September 2013 [1 December 2013]. (原始内容存档于2013-12-03). 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Levate (amitriptyline), dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more. Medscape Reference. WebMD. [1 December 2013]. (原始内容存档于2013-12-03). 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Endep Amitriptyline hydrochloride (PDF). TGA eBusiness Services. Alphapharm Pty Limited. 10 December 2012 [1 December 2013]. (原始内容存档于2017-08-13). 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Amitriptyline Tablets BP 50mg - Summary of Product Characteristics (SPC). electronic Medicines Compendium. Actavis UK Ltd. 24 March 2013 [1 December 2013]. (原始内容存档于2013-12-03). 
  5. ^ Oxford Dictionary: Definition of amitriptyline (British & World English). [2015-09-26]. (原始内容存档于2014-07-14). 
  6. ^ A.S. Yazdi, N. Razavi, S.R. Yazdinejad. Separation and determination of amitriptyline and nortriptyline by dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction combined with gas chromatography flame ionization detection. Talanta, 75 (2008), pp. 1293–1299
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 Amitriptyline Hydrochloride. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. [Sep 25, 2014]. (原始内容存档于2014-09-24). 
  8. ^ Leucht, C; Huhn, M; Leucht, S. Amitriptyline versus placebo for major depressive disorder.. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. December 2012, 12: CD009138. PMID 23235671. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009138.pub2. 
  9. ^ Moore, RA; Derry, S; Aldington, D; Cole, P; Wiffen, PJ. Amitriptyline for neuropathic pain in adults.. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 6 July 2015, 7: CD008242. PMID 26146793. 
  10. ^ Prescribing medicines in pregnancy database. Australian Government. 3 March 2014 [22 April 2014]. (原始内容存档于2014-04-08). 
  11. ^ Amitriptyline Levels and Effects while Breastfeeding. drugs.com. Sep 8, 2014 [25 September 2014]. (原始内容存档于2014-09-24). 
  12. ^ Sneader, Walter. Drug Discovery a History.. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. 2005: 414. ISBN 9780470015520. 
  13. ^ Fangmann P, Assion HJ, Juckel G, González CA, López-Muñoz F. Half a century of antidepressant drugs: on the clinical introduction of monoamine oxidase inhibitors, tricyclics, and tetracyclics. Part II: tricyclics and tetracyclics. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. February 2008, 28 (1): 1–4. PMID 18204333. doi:10.1097/jcp.0b013e3181627b60. 
  14. ^ WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (PDF). World Health Organization. October 2013 [22 April 2014]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2014-04-23). 
  15. ^ Amitriptyline. International Drug Price Indicator Guide. [2 December 2015]. (原始内容存档于2017年3月30日). 
  16. ^ 16.0 16.1 Roth, BL; Driscol, J. PDSP Ki Database. Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (PDSP). University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the United States National Institute of Mental Health. 12 January 2011 [1 December 2013]. (原始内容存档于2013-11-08). 
  17. ^ 17.0 17.1 Brunton, L; Chabner, B; Knollman, B. Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics 12th. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional. 2010. ISBN 978-0-07-162442-8.