維基百科

亞美尼亞總督領土

亞美尼亞總督領土 (亞美尼亞語：Սատրապական Հայաստան Satrapakan Hayastan ;古波斯語: 𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴 Armina或 𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴𐎹 Arminiya ），屬奧龍特王朝控制的地區（亞美尼亞語：Երվանդունիներ Yervanduniner；公元前570-201），是公元前6世紀阿契美尼德帝國的總督區之一，在阿契美尼德帝國崩潰後成為一個獨立王國。它的首都是圖什帕，後來為埃瑞布尼。

歷史 編輯

起源  編輯

烏拉爾圖王國崩潰後，米底帝國和斯基泰人統治着該地區。後來這片領土被阿契美尼德帝國征服，任命了一個總督管理該地區，因此將其命名為「Armina」（古波斯語；「 Harminuya 」，埃蘭語；「 Urashtu 」巴比倫語）的土地。

 
一名亞美尼亞進貢者拿着一個帶有獅鷲手柄的金屬容器。公元前6世紀

奧龍特王朝 編輯

主條目：奧龍特王朝

奧龍特王朝是一個伊朗[1] [2] [3]世襲王朝，是亞美尼亞總督領土的擁有者，也是鐵器時代烏拉爾圖王國的繼承國。[4]有人認為它與執政的阿契美尼德王朝有家族聯繫。 [2] [5] [a] [b]在他們的存續期間，奧龍特王朝一直強調他們來自阿契美尼德王朝的血統，以加強他們的統治合法性。[7]

該王朝的成員在公元前6世紀至至少2世紀期間斷斷續續地統治着亞美尼亞，最初是作為米底王國和阿契美尼德帝國的附庸國王或總督[7]，在阿契美尼德帝國崩潰後，[8]成為了一個獨立王國的統治者，後來成為索菲尼王國和科馬基尼王國的國王，最終臣服於羅馬帝國。[9]

大約在公元前6世紀斯基泰人和米底王國入侵的時候，奧龍特王朝在亞美尼亞建立了自己的統治地位。其建立者是奧龍特一世（英語：Orontes I Sakavakyats）（亞美尼亞語：Երվանդ Ա Սակավակյաց，Yervand I Sakavakyats）。他的兒子提格蘭（英語：Tigranes (Orontid)）與居魯士大帝聯合起來，殺死了米底的國王。莫夫謝斯·霍列納齊（英語：Movses Khorenatsi）稱他為「亞美尼亞國王中最聰明、最強大和最勇敢的」。

公元前553年至公元前521年，亞美尼亞是阿契美尼德帝國的附屬王國，但大流士一世為王時，他決定征服亞美尼亞。他派了一個名叫達達希 (Dâdarši) 的亞美尼亞人去阻止反抗波斯統治的起義，後來用波斯將軍沃米薩 (Vaumisa) 取代了他，後者在公元前521年擊敗了亞美尼亞人。大約在同一時間，另一個名叫阿拉卡（英語：Nebuchadnezzar IV）的亞美尼亞人，自稱是巴比倫末代國王拿波尼德的兒子，並改名為尼布甲尼撒四世（英語：Nebuchadnezzar IV）。他的叛亂但歷時不長，很快便被大流士派遣的因塔福林（為大流士身邊位居重職的執弓者）領兵所鎮壓。

阿契美尼德帝國滅亡後，亞美尼亞總督領土併入亞歷山大帝國。 [10]亞歷山大死後，奧龍德王朝於公元前321 年獨立，直到公元前301年亞美尼亞王國淪陷於塞琉古帝國之手。 [10]公元前212年，亞美尼亞國王薛西斯反抗塞琉古王朝，但在首都阿爾薩馬索塔被安條克三世圍攻時投降。 [11]公元前201年，亞美尼亞被塞琉古帝國的將軍阿爾塔什斯征服，據說他也是奧龍德王朝的成員。 最後一位奧龍德國王奧龍特四世被殺，但奧龍特王朝繼續統治索菲尼和科馬基尼，直到公元前1世紀。

語言 編輯

雖然亞歷山大大帝率領的希臘人曾入侵波斯，但在當地，波斯和亞美尼亞本地文化仍在社會和精英中佔相當重要的地位。[12]

王朝的官方語言是阿拉姆語，在官方文件中持續使用幾個世紀。大多數的銘文都使用波斯楔形文字書寫。公元前四/五世紀希臘文史學家色諾芬提到他透過波斯語翻譯者與亞美尼亞人交談，在一些當地村莊，村民以波斯語回答詢問[13]。

在曾是亞美尼亞總督王朝首都-阿爾瑪維爾發現的希臘銘文顯示，王朝的上層階級也使用希臘語作為官方語言。[14]在奧龍特四世（英語：Orontes IV） (統治期間約公元前210年到200年) 統治下，政府結構開始朝希臘化發展，希臘語曾為宮廷語言。奧龍特四世受到希臘化貴族圍繞，並在阿爾瑪維爾建立一所希臘學校。[15][16]

參見 編輯

注釋 編輯

  1. ^ It is not known whether the Yervandunis were ethnically Armenian. They probably had marriage links to the rulers of Persia and other leading noble houses in Armenia.[6]
  2. ^ Although the origins of the Ervanduni [Orontid] family is not clear, historians suggest dynastic familial linkages to the ruling Achaemenid dynasty in Persia.[7]

參考資料 編輯

  1. ^ Garsoian 2005.
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Allsen 2011，第37頁.
  3. ^ Sartre 2005，第23頁.
  4. ^ Toumanoff 1963，第278頁.
  5. ^ Lang 2000，第535頁.
  6. ^ Panossian 2006，第35頁.
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Payaslian 2007，第8頁.
  8. ^ Stausberg & de Jong 2015，第120頁.
  9. ^ Canepa 2015，第80頁.
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 Toumanoff 1963，第73頁.
  11. ^ Chahin 1987，第190頁.
  12. ^ Panossian, Razmik. The Armenians From Kings and Priests to Merchants and Commissars. United Kingdom: Columbia University Press. 2006: 36. ISBN 9781850657880. The Hellenistic invasion of Persia partially influenced Armenia as well, but Persian and local Armenian culture remained the strongest element within society and the elites. 
  13. ^ Boumoutian, George. A Concise History of the Armenian People. California: Mazda Publishers, Inc. 2006: 23. ISBN 1-56859-141-1. A large portion of the population spoke Armenian, while the people of the hills had their own dialect. [...] Aramaic, the language of the imperial administration, was introduced into Armenia, where, for centuries, it continued to be used in official documents. Old Persian cuneiform, meanwhile, was used in most inscriptions. 
  14. ^ Manandian, Hagop. The Trade and Cities of Armenia in Relation to Ancient World Trade. Armenian library of the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation. 1965: 37 [2021-07-05]. （原始內容存檔於2021-07-09） （英語）. 
  15. ^ Payaslian, Simon. The history of Armenia : from the origins to the present 1st. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 2007: 12 [2019-12-14]. ISBN 978-1403974679. （原始內容存檔於2020-05-22）. 
  16. ^ Tiratsyan, 「Hayastane vagh hellenizmi zhamanakashrjanum,」 pp. 514–15

來源 編輯

    • Allsen, Thomas T. The Royal Hunt in Eurasian History. University of Pennsylvania Press. 2011: 37. ISBN 978-0812201079. 
    • Bournoutian, George. A Concise History of the Armenian People. California: Mazda Publishers, Inc. 2006: 23. ISBN 1-56859-141-1. Aramaic, the language of the imperial administration, was introduced into Armenia, where, for centuries, it continued to be used in official documents. Old Persian cuneiform, meanwhile, was used in most inscriptions. Xenophon mentions that he used a Persian interpreter to converse with Armenians and in some Armenian villages they responded in Persian. 
    • Canepa, Matthew. Achaemenid and Seleukid Royal Funerary Practices and Middle Iranian Kingship. Börm, H.; Wiesehöfer, J. (編). Commutatio et Contentio. Studies in the Late Roman, Sasanian, and Early Islamic Near East in Memory of Zeev Rubin. 2010: 1–21 [2021-11-03]. （原始內容存檔於2021-11-03）. 
    • Canepa, Matthew P. Dynastic Sanctuaries and the Transformation of Iranian Kingship between Alexander and Islam. Babaie, Sussan; Grigor, Talinn (編). Persian Kingship and Architecture: Strategies of Power in Iran from the Achaemenids to the Pahlavis. I.B.Tauris. 2015: 80. ISBN 978-1848857513. Iranian culture deeply influenced Armenia, and Iranian dynasties ruled Armenia during several important periods, including the Orontids (c. sixth century - c. early second century BCE) and Arsacids (54-428 CE). 
    • Chahin, M. The Kingdom of Armenia: A History. Curzon Press. 1987. 
    • Garsoian, N. 存档副本. Encyclopaedia Iranica. 2005 [2021-11-03]. （原始內容存檔於2020-09-02）. Tigran (Tigranes) II was the most distinguished member of the so-called Artašēsid/Artaxiad dynasty, which has now been identified as a branch of the earlier Eruandid [Orontid] dynasty of Iranian origin attested as ruling in Armenia from at least the 5th century B.C.E  |article=和|title=只需其一 (幫助)
    • Hovannisian, Richard G. The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times. I: The Dynastic Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century. Palgrave Macmillan. 1997. ..but the existence of a local Armenian dynasty, probably of Iranian origin.. 
    • Stausberg, Michael; de Jong, Albert. Armenian and Georgian Zoroastrianism. The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Zoroastrianism. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 2015: 119-128. 
    • Lang, David M. Iran, Armenia and Georgia. Yarshater, Ehsan (編). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3: The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanid Periods. Cambridge University Press. 2000: 535. ISBN 0-521-20092-X. The most striking example of the syncretism of gods in ancient Parthia actually occurs in a former Armenian satellite kingdom, namely Commagene, the modern Malatya district. Here a scion of the Armenian Orontid house, King Antiochus I (69 — 38 B.C.) built himself a funeral hill at Nimrud Dagh.(..) We see the king’s paternal ancestors, traced back to the Achaemenian monarch Darius, son of Hystaspes, while Greek inscriptions record the dead ruler’s connections with the Armenian dynasty of the Orontids. 
    • Manandian, Hagop. The Trade and Cities of Armenia in Relation to Ancient World Trade. Armenian library of the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation. 1965: 37 [2021-11-03]. （原始內容存檔於2021-07-09）. 
    • Panossian, Razmik. The Armenians From Kings and Priests to Merchants and Commissars. United Kingdom: Columbia University Press. 2006: 35. ISBN 9781850657880. It is not known whether the Yervandunis were ethnically Armenian. They probably had marriage links to the rulers of Persia and other leading noble houses in Armenia. 
    • Payaslian, Simon. The history of Armenia : from the origins to the present 1st. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 2007: 8-9 [2021-11-03]. ISBN 978-1403974679. （原始內容存檔於2020-05-22）. 
    • Russell, J. R. ARMENIA AND IRAN iii. Armenian Religion. Yarshater, Ehsan (編). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume II/4: Architecture IV–Armenia and Iran IV. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul: 438–444. 1986. ISBN 978-0-71009-104-8. Iran, however, was to be the dominant influence in Armenian spiritual culture. The Orontid, Artaxiad, and Arsacid dynasties were all Iranian in origin, and the greater part of the Armenian vocabulary consists of Mid. Ir. loanwords. The Armenians preserved strong regional traditions which appear to have been incorporated into Zoroastrianism, a religion adopted by them probably in the Achaemenid period. 
    • Sartre, Maurice. The Middle East Under Rome. Harvard University Press. 2005: 23. ISBN 978-0674016835. The Commagene kings claimed to be descended from the Orontids, a powerful Iranian family that had ruled the area during the Achaemenid period. They were related to the Achaemenids who had built a kingdom (...) 
    • Schmitt, Rüdiger. 存档副本. Encyclopaedia Iranica. 2002 [2021-11-03]. （原始內容存檔於2021-05-21）.  |article=和|title=只需其一 (幫助)
    • Toumanoff, Cyril. Studies in Christian Caucasian history. Washington D.C.: Georgetown University Press. 1963: 278 [2021-11-03]. （原始內容存檔於2019-10-14）. The eponym's praenomen Orontes is as Iranian as the dynasty itself.. 
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