粉虱科
同翅目的一科昆虫
粉虱科（学名：Aleyrodidae）是半翅目粉虱总科的刺吸式昆虫，两性成虫均有翅，身体及翅上覆有白色蜡粉，此为其科名之由来。全世界共记录有3亚科、166属、1631种[2]。其中约有46种是经济害虫[3]。
粉虱科
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| 温室白粉虱（Trialeurodes vaporariorum） | |
科学分类 
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| 界： | 动物界 Animalia |
| 门： | 节肢动物门 Arthropoda |
| 纲： | 昆虫纲 Insecta |
| 目： | 半翅目 Hemiptera |
| 亚目： | 胸喙亚目 Sternorrhyncha |
| 总科： | 粉虱总科 Aleyrodoidea |
| 科： | 粉虱科 Aleyrodidae |
| 亚科[1] | |
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| 异名 | |
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粉虱成虫多喜欢产卵在叶背，卵孵化后的第一龄若虫具有活动能力，往后二、三、四龄若虫其足、触角会退化，固着于叶背上。之后成虫沿着第四龄若虫呈倒T字形之纵、横胸缝破壳而出。因最后龄期与活泼之成虫在外部形态截然不同，且与完全变态类昆虫不食不动之“蛹”大相径庭，因而有第四龄蛹壳之误称，然仍沿用至今。
早期粉虱分类学者察觉成虫标本制作较困难，可用特征少，而蛹壳因为标本采集、制作容易，且经寄主植物的确定可增加鉴定的方便与可信度，所以分类学者皆以第四龄蛹壳为分类特征，然而粉虱的蛹壳一般细小且不明显，在野外或田间采集粉虱时，不一定都采集得到蛹壳。这种情形在幼嫩的植物上特别明显，另一方面，粉虱成虫相对于蛹壳是较为显眼易见，但是目前粉虱成虫在分类上可用的特征仍然十分缺乏，尚未有系统地建立，为成虫方面的鉴定上一大困扰。因此有系统地建立粉虱成虫特征乃迫切需要。
下级分类 编辑
本科包括以下属：
- Acanthaleyrode
- 类刺粉虱属 Acanthaleyrodes Takahashi, 1931
- 长刺粉虱属 Acanthobemisia Takahashi, 1935
- 黑粉虱属 Acaudaleyrodes Takahashi, 1951
- Acutaleyrodes Takahashi, 1960
- 非洲斑翅粉虱属 Africaleurodes Dozier, 1934
- Africaleyrodes
- Agrostaleyrodes Ko, 2001
- Aleurocanthus
- Aleurocerus Bondar, 1923
- Aleurochiton Tullgreen, 1907
- Aleuroclava Singh, 1931
- Aleuroctarthrus Martin, 2008
- Aleurocybotus Quaintance & Baker, 1914
- Aleurocyperus Ko & Dubey, 2007
- 盘粉虱属 Aleurodicus Douglas, 1892
- Aleuroduplidens Martin, 1999
- Aleuroglandulus Bondar, 1923
- Aleuroinanis Martin, 1999
- Aleurolobus Quaintance & Baker, 1914
- Aleurolonga Mound, 1965
- Aleuromarginatus Corbett, 1935
- Aleuromarginatus asymmetricis Dubey[4]
- Aleuromarginatus bauhiniae (Corbett, 1935)
- Aleuromarginatus corbettiaformis Martin, 1985
- Aleuromarginatus dalbergiae Cohic, 1969
- Aleuromarginatus dielsianae Wang & Xu, 2017
- Aleuromarginatus frim Dubey[4]
- Aleuromarginatus glandulis Dubey[4]
- Aleuromarginatus kallarensis David & Subramaniam, 1976
- Aleuromarginatus littoralis Martin, 1985
- Aleuromarginatus marginiquus Martin, 1999
- Aleuromarginatus martini Dubey[4]
- Aleuromarginatus millettiae Cohic, 1968
- Aleuromarginatus moundi Martin, 1999
- Aleuromarginatus nemciae Martin, 1999
- Aleuromarginatus nigrus Martin, 1999
- Aleuromarginatus serdangensis Takahashi, 1955
- Aleuromarginatus shihmenensis Ko, 1995
- Aleuromarginatus similis Dubey[4]
- Aleuromarginatus sulawesiensis Dubey[4]
- Aleuromarginatus tephrosiae Corbett, 1935
- Aleuromarginatus thirumurthiensis David, 1988
- Aleuronudus Hempel, 1922
- Aleuropapillatus Regu & David, 1993
- Aleuroparadoxus Quaintance & Baker, 1914
- Aleuroparvus Dubey, 2018
- Aleuroplatus Quaintance & Baker, 1914
- Aleuropleurocelus Drews & Sampson, 1956
- Aleuroporosus Corbett, 1935
- Aleuropositus Dubey, 2013
- Aleuropteridis Mound, 1961
- Aleuroputeus Corbett, 1935
- 须粉虱属 Aleurothrixus Quaintance & Baker, 1914
- Aleurotithius Quaintance & Baker, 1914
- Aleurotrachelus Quaintance & Baker, 1914
- Aleurotuba Tremblay & Iaccarino, 1978
- Aleurotuberculatus Takahashi, 1932
- Aleurotulus Quaintance & Baker, 1914
- Aleuroviggianus Iaccarino, 1982
- Aleurovitreus Martin, 2005
- Aleyrodes Latreille, 1796
- Aleyrodicus
- Aleyrodiella Dantsig, 1966
- Anomaleyrodes Takahashi & Mamet, 1952
- Apobemisia Takahashi, 1954
- Arachnaleyrodes Bink-Moenen, 1983
- Aretsaya Drohojowska & Szwedo, 2015
- Asialeyrodes Corbett, 1935
- Asiothrixus
- 星伯粉虱属 Asterobemisia Trehan, 1940
- Asterochiton Maskell, 1879
- 澳洲斑翅粉虱属 Australeurodes Dubey, 2013
- Austroaleurodicus Tapia, 1970
- Axacalia Danzig, 1969
- Azuraleurodicus Martin, 1999
- Baetylus Drohojowska & Szwedo, 2011
- Bakerius Bondar, 1923
- Bellitudo Russell, 1943
- Bemisaleyrodes
- 伯粉虱属 Bemisia Quaintance & Baker, 1914
- Bemisiella Dantsig, 1966
- Bernaea Schlee, 1970
- Bondaria Sampson & Drews, 1941
- Brazzaleyrodes Cohic, 1966
- Bulgarialeurodes Corbett, 1936
- Burmodicus Chen et al., 2020
- Burmoselis Shcherbakov, 2000
- Calluneyrodes Zahradnik, 1961
- Ceraleurodicus Hempel, 1922
- Chitonaleyrodes Martin, 1999
- Clodionus Drohojowska & Szwedo, 2013
- Cockerelliella Sundararaj & David, 1992
- Cohicaleyrodes Bink-Moenen, 1983
- Combesaleyrodes Cohic, 1966
- Corbettia Dozier, 1934
- Costalimada Martin, 2011
- Crenidorsum Russell, 1945
- Crescentaleyrodes David & Jesudasan, 1987
- Cryptolingula Martin & Carver, 1999
- Davidiella Dubey & Sundararaj, 2005
- Dialeurodes Cockerell, 1902
- Dialeurodicus Cockerell, 1902
- Dialeurodoides Quaintance & Baker, 1914
- Dialeurolobus Danzig, 1964
- Dialeurolonga Dozier, 1928
- Dialeuropora Quaintance & Baker, 1917
- Dialeurotrachelus Takahashi, 1942
- Disiphon Russell, 1993
- Distincaleyrodes
- Distinctaleyrodes Dubey & Sundararaj, 2006
- Dothioia Dumbleton, 1961
- Dumbletoniella Jesudasan & David, 1990
- Editaaleyrodes David, 2005
- Ericaleyrodes Rapisarda, 1986
- Eudialeurodicus Quaintance & Baker, 1915
- Extensaleyrodes Bink-Moenen, 1983
- Fascaleyrodes Bink-Moenen, 1983
- Filicaleyrodes Takahashi, 1962
- Fippataleyrodes Sundararaj & David, 1992
- Gadigaleyrodes Dooley & Gillespie, 2013
- Gagudjuia Martin, 1999
- Gapenus Drohojowska & Szwedo, 2013
- Gigaleurodes Quaintance & Baker, 1917
- Gomenella Dumbleton, 1961
- Greeniella David, 1993
- Harpaleyrodes Bink-Moenen, 1983
- Heidea Schlee, 1970
- Hempelia Sampson & Drews, 1941
- Hesperaleyrodes Sampson, 1943
- Heteraleyrodes Takahashi, 1942
- Heterobemisia Takahashi, 1957
- Hexaleurodicus Bondar, 1923
- Hindaleyrodes Meganathan & David, 1994
- Icfrealeyrodes Dubey & Sundararaj, 2006
- Indoaleyrodes David & Subramaniam, 1973
- Isaraselis Drohojowska & Szwedo, 2013
- Juglasaleyrodes Cohic, 1966
- Juleyrodes Shcherbakov, 2000
- Kaieteurodicus Martin, 2008
- Kanakarajiella David & Sundararaj, 1993
- Keralaleyrodes Meganathan & David, 1994
- Laingiella Corbett, 1926
- Lankaleurodes David, 1993
- Lecanoideus Quaintance & Baker, 1913
- Leonardius Quaintance & Baker, 1913
- Leucopogonella Dumbleton, 1961
- Lipaleyrodes Takahashi, 1962
- Lukotekia Drohojowska & Szwedo, 2013
- Malayaleyrodes Corbett, 1935
- Marginaleyrodes Takahashi, 1961
- 麻粉虱属 Massilieurodes Goux, 1939
- Metabemisia Takahashi, 1963
- Metaleurodicus Quaintance & Baker, 1913
- Metaleyrodes Sampson, 1943
- Mexicaleyrodes Sampson & Drews, 1941
- Milleraleurodes Phillips & Jesudasan, 2013
- Milqartis Drohojowska & Szwedo, 2015
- Minutabythus Kaddumi, 2005
- Minutaleyrodes Jesudasan & David, 1990
- Mixaleyrodes Takahashi, 1936
- Mohanasundaramiella David, 2000
- Nealeurodicus Hempel, 1923
- Nealeyrodes Hempel, 1923
- Neoaleurodes Bondar, 1923
- Neoaleurolobus Takahashi, 1951
- Neoaleurotrachelus Takahashi & Mamet, 1952
- Neomaskellia Quaintance & Baker, 1913
- Neopealius Takahashi, 1954
- Nigrasialeyrodes Martin & Carver, 1999
- Nipaleyrodes Takahashi, 1951
- Octaleurodicus Hempel, 1922
- Odontaleyrodes Takahashi, 1954
- Oisedicus Drohojowska & Szwedo, 2013
- Orchamoplatus Russell, 1958
- Orientaleyrodes David, 1993
- Orstomaleyrodes Cohic, 1966
- Paernis Drohojowska & Szwedo, 2011
- Palaealeurodicus Martin, 2008
- Papillipes Bink-Moenen, 1983
- 类伯粉虱属 Parabemisia Takahashi, 1954
- Paraburmoselis Chen et al., 2019
- Paraleurolobus Sampson & Drews, 1941
- 巢粉虱属 Paraleyrodes Quaintance, 1909
- Paulianaleyrodes Cohic, 1967
- Pealius Quaintance & Baker, 1914
- Pectinaleyrodes Bink-Moenen, 1983
- Pentaleyrodes Takahashi, 1937
- Peracchius Lima & Racca-Filho, 2005
- Plataleyrodes
- Pogonaleyrodes Takahashi, 1955
- Pseudaleurodicus Hempel, 1922
- Pseudaleurolobus Hempel, 1923
- Pseudaleuroplatus Martin, 1999
- Pseudaleyrodes Hempel, 1923
- Pseudcockerelliella Sundararaj, 2007
- Pseudosynaleurodicus Gillespie, 2006
- Pseudozaphanera Manzari, 2006
- Rabdostigma Quaintance & Baker, 1917
- Ramsesseus Zahradnik, 1970
- Rhachisphora Quaintance & Baker, 1917
- Rosanovia Danzig, 1969
- Rositaleyrodes Meganathan & David, 1994
- Rovnodicus Drohojowska & Szwedo, 2015
- Rugaleyrodes Bink-Moenen, 1983
- Rusostigma Quaintance & Baker, 1917
- Russellaleyrodes
- Septaleurodicus Sampson, 1943
- Septemaleurodes Dubey, 2013
- Setaleyrodes Takahashi, 1931
- Shanthiniae David, 2000
- Shapashe Drohojowska & Szwedo, 2015
- Simplaleurodes Goux, 1945
- 迷粉虱属 Singhiella Sampson, 1943
- Singhius Takahashi, 1932
- Sinicoselis Drohojowska et al., 2019
- Siphoninuns
- Siphoninus Silvestri, 1915
- Siphonius
- Snotra Szwedo & Drohojowska, 2014
- Sphericaleyrodes
- Stenaleyrodes Takahashi, 1938
- Synaleurodicus Solomon, 1935
- Taiwanaleyrodes Takahashi, 1932
- Tegmaleurodes Martin, 2005
- Tetraleurodes Cockerell, 1902
- Tetralicia Harrison, 1917
- Trialeurodes Cockerell, 1902
- Trialeurolonga Martin, 2005
- Trichoaleyrodes Takahashi & Mamet, 1952
- Tuberaleyrodes Takahashi, 1932
- Udamoselis Enderlein, 1909
- Uraleyrodes Sampson & Drews, 1941
- Vasantharajiella David, 2000
- Vasdavidius Russell, 2000
- Venezaleurodes Russell, 1967
- Viennotaleyrodes Cohic, 1968
- Xenaleyrodes Takahashi, 1936
- Xenobemisia Takahashi, 1951
- Yamis Drohojowska & Szwedo, 2015
- Yleyrodes Bink-Moenen, 1983
- Zaphanera Corbett, 1926
参考文献 编辑
- ^ Martin, J.H.; Mound, L.A. An annotated check list of the world's whiteflies (Insecta: Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Zootaxa. 2007, 1492: 1–84. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1492.1.1
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- ^ 何小芳; 徐铭健，诸葛敏，邓建宇，周国鑫，徐志宏，王吉锐. 浙江地区梨树上粉虱类害虫种类初记. 环境昆虫学报. 2022, 44 (1): 118–126 [2022-08-02]. （原始内容存档于2022-06-21）.
- ^ Martin, J. H. An identification guide to common whitefly pest species of the world (Homopt Aleyrodidae). Tropical Pest Management. 1987-01, 33 (4): 298–322. doi:10.1080/09670878709371174.
- ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Anil Kumar Dubey & Paul A. Brown (2021) Six new species of Aleuromarginatus Corbett, 1935 and Paramarginatus sarawakensis Dubey gen. and sp. nov. (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) from Southeast Asia, Journal of Natural History, 55:41-42, 2605-2649, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2021.2008038
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