肌肽(英语:carnosine),学名β-丙氨酰-L-组氨酸β-alanyl-L-histidine),是一种由β-丙氨酸L-组氨酸两种氨基酸组成的二肽肌肉脑部组织含有很高浓度的肌肽。

肌肽[1]
IUPAC名
(2S)-2-[(3-Amino-1-oxopropyl)amino]-3-(3H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid
别名 β-丙氨酰-L-组氨酸
识别
CAS号 305-84-0  checkY
PubChem 439224
ChemSpider 388363
SMILES
 
  • O=C(O)C(NC(=O)CCN)Cc1cncn1
InChI
 
  • 1/C9H14N4O3/c10-2-1-8(14)13-7(9(15)16)3-6-4-11-5-12-6/h4-5,7H,1-3,10H2,(H,11,12)(H,13,14)(H,15,16)/t7-/m0/s1
InChIKey CQOVPNPJLQNMDC-ZETCQYMHBX
ChEBI 57485
KEGG C00386
性质
化学式 C9H14N4O3
摩尔质量 226.23 g·mol⁻¹
外观 结晶状固体
熔点 253°C(分解)
若非注明,所有数据均出自标准状态(25 ℃,100 kPa)下。

功效与临床研究 编辑

肌肽是一种跟肉碱一起由俄国化学家古列维奇发现[2]。在英国[3]、韩国[4]、俄国[5][6]及其他国家[7][8]均有研究表明:肌肽具有很强的抗氧化能力,对人体有益。肌肽已被证实可清除在氧化应激过程中使细胞膜的脂肪酸过度氧化而形成的活性氧自由基(ROS)以及α-β不饱和醛

许多研究已经发现N-乙酰肌肽在预防与治疗白内障上有良好的效果,其中之一的研究显示,肌肽可以改善因曝露在下导致大鼠水晶体混浊而产生的白内障[9] 虽然这些说法支持肌肽能治疗白内障以及其他假设性对眼睛的种种好处,但截至目前为止,还没有得到主流医学界的充分支持,例如英国皇家眼科曾经宣称,肌肽在局部治疗白内障上,既不安全也不具疗效的建议。 [10]

在一项2002年的研究报告中指出,肌肽可以改善自闭症儿童与社会的关系和增加自闭症儿童所使用的辞汇量,[11]但是研究中所宣称的改善情形,亦可能是来自于成熟、安慰剂作用或其它没有被写在这份研究报告里的因素。[12]

动物实验中,补充肌肽可以增加皮质固醇的含量,这也许可以解释有时在使用高剂量肌肽所产生的过动症状,[13]可是上述研究是将肌肽注射于小鸡的脑室中,且皮质固醇含量上升的现象尚未再人体实验中出现。 在动物实验里,肌肽已经被发现可以延缓癌细胞的生长[14]、 防范酒精引起的氧化压力[15]与乙醇导致的慢性肝脏伤害,[16]在老鼠实验中肌肽的神经保护机制可以防止永久性脑部缺血 。[17]

肌肽可以增强人类的纤维母细胞海佛烈克极限[18]以及出现端粒缩短的速率,[19]端粒的维持可能会利于某些潜在癌症的生长,[20]所以肌肽也被视为是个保护剂

一般认为典型的素食者缺乏摄取肌肽,但会不会因为这样而造成不良的影响,仍是未知的。

参见 编辑

参考文献 编辑

  1. ^ C9625 L-Carnosine ~99%, crystalline. Sigma-Aldrich. [2012-04-11]. (原始内容存档于2008-12-05). 
  2. ^ Gulevich, V.; Amiradgibi, S. Uber das Carnosin, eine neue organische Base des Fleisch- extraktes.. Hoppe-Seiler's Z. Physiol. Chem. 1900, (33): 1902–1903. 
  3. ^ Aruoma OI, Laughton MJ, Halliwell B. Carnosine, homocarnosine and anserine: could they act as antioxidants in vivo?. The Biochemical Journal. December 1989, 264 (3): 863–9. PMC 1133665 . PMID 2559719. 
  4. ^ Choi SY, Kwon HY, Kwon OB, Kang JH. Hydrogen peroxide-mediated Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase fragmentation: protection by carnosine, homocarnosine and anserine. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. November 1999, 1472 (3): 651–7. PMID 10564779. doi:10.1016/S0304-4165(99)00189-0. 
  5. ^ Klebanov GI, Teselkin YuO, Babenkova IV; et al. Effect of carnosine and its components on free-radical reactions. Membrane & Cell Biology. 1998, 12 (1): 89–99. PMID 9829262. 
  6. ^ Babizhayev MA, Seguin MC, Gueyne J, Evstigneeva RP, Ageyeva EA, Zheltukhina GA. L-carnosine (beta-alanyl-L-histidine) and carcinine (beta-alanylhistamine) act as natural antioxidants with hydroxyl-radical-scavenging and lipid-peroxidase activities. The Biochemical Journal. December 1994, 304 (2): 509–16. PMC 1137521 . PMID 7998987. 
  7. ^ Chan KM, Decker EA. Endogenous skeletal muscle antioxidants. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 1994, 34 (4): 403–26. PMID 7945896. doi:10.1080/10408399409527669. 
  8. ^ Kohen R, Yamamoto Y, Cundy KC, Ames BN. Antioxidant activity of carnosine, homocarnosine, and anserine present in muscle and brain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. May 1988, 85 (9): 3175–9. PMC 280166 . PMID 3362866. doi:10.1073/pnas.85.9.3175. 
  9. ^ Attanasio F, Cataldo S, Fisichella S; et al. Protective effects of L- and D-carnosine on alpha-crystallin amyloid fibril formation: implications for cataract disease. Biochemistry. July 2009, 48 (27): 6522–31. PMID 19441807. doi:10.1021/bi900343n. 
  10. ^ Amoaku, Winfried. N-Acetyl Carnosine for Cataracts (PDF). Royal College of Ophthalmologists. August 6, 2008 [2012-04-11]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2009-07-07). 
  11. ^ Chez MG, Buchanan CP, Aimonovitch MC; et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of L-carnosine supplementation in children with autistic spectrum disorders. Journal of Child Neurology. November 2002, 17 (11): 833–7. PMID 12585724. doi:10.1177/08830738020170111501. 
  12. ^ Levy SE, Hyman SL. Novel treatments for autistic spectrum disorders. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews. 2005, 11 (2): 131–42. PMID 15977319. doi:10.1002/mrdd.20062. 
  13. ^ Tomonaga, Shozo; Tachibana, Tetsuya; Takagi, Tomo; Saito, Ei-Suke; Zhang, Rong; Denbow, D.Michael; Furuse, Mitsuhiro. Effect of central administration of carnosine and its constituents on behaviors in chicks. Brain Research Bulletin. 2004, 63 (1): 75–82. doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2004.01.002. 
  14. ^ Renner C, Zemitzsch N, Fuchs B; et al. Carnosine retards tumor growth in vivo in an NIH3T3-HER2/neu mouse model. Molecular Cancer. 2010, 9: 2. PMC 2818694 . PMID 20053283. doi:10.1186/1476-4598-9-2. 
  15. ^ Ozel Turkcu U, Bilgihan A, Biberoglu G, Mertoglu Caglar O. Carnosine supplementation protects rat brain tissue against ethanol-induced oxidative stress. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. January 2010, 339 (1–2): 55–61. PMID 20047045. doi:10.1007/s11010-009-0369-x. 
  16. ^ Liu WH, Liu TC, Yin MC. Beneficial effects of histidine and carnosine on ethanol-induced chronic liver injury. Food and Chemical Toxicology. May 2008, 46 (5): 1503–9. PMID 18222027. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2007.12.013. 
  17. ^ Min J, Senut MC, Rajanikant K; et al. Differential Neuroprotective Effects of Carnosine, Anserine, and N-Acetyl Carnosine against Permanent Focal Ischemia. Journal of Neuroscience Research. October 2008, 86 (13): 2984–91. PMC 2805719 . PMID 18543335. doi:10.1002/jnr.21744. 
  18. ^ McFarlan GA.; Holliday R. Retardation of the senescence of cultured human fibroblasts by carnosine. Exp. Cell Res. 1994, 212 (2): 167–175. PMID 8187813. doi:10.1006/excr.1994.1132. 
  19. ^ Shao L; Li QH; Tan Z. L-carnosine reduces telomere damage and shortening rate in cultured normal fibroblasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2004, 324 (2): 931–936. PMID 15474517. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.09.136. 
  20. ^ Hahn, W. C.; Meyerson, M. Telomerase activation, cellular immortalization and cancer. Annals of Medicine. 2001, 33 (2): 123–129. ISSN 0785-3890. PMID 11327115. doi:10.3109/07853890109002067.