人格神

人格神(英语：personal god)或人格女神(personal goddess)是可以作为一个人^[1]而不是作为一种非人格力量，例如绝对的“一切”或“存在的基础”的神灵。

在亚伯拉罕宗教的经文中，上帝被描述为个人的创造者，以第一人称说话并表现出愤怒和骄傲等情感，有时以拟人化的形式出现。^[2]例如，在摩西五经中，上帝与他的先知交谈并指示他，并被认为具有意志、情感（如愤怒、悲伤和快乐）、意向和其他人类特征。个人与上帝的关系可以用与人类关系相同的方式来描述，例如基督教中的圣父，或苏菲派中的朋友。^[3]

皮尤研究中心2019年的一项调查报告称，在美国成年人中，70%的人认为“上帝是一个人们可以与之建立关系的人”，而15%的人认为“上帝是一种非个人的力量”。^[4]国家意见研究中心2019年的一项调查报告称，77.5%的美国成年人相信人格神。^[5]皮尤进行的2014年宗教景观调查报告称，77%的美国成年人相信人格神。^[6]

观点编辑

亚伯拉罕宗教编辑

犹太教编辑

基督教编辑

伊斯兰教编辑

巴哈伊信仰编辑

自然神论编辑

参见编辑

备注编辑

^ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy's concepts of God. Plato.stanford.edu. [2018-04-16]. （原始内容存档于2018-09-07）.
^ Williams, W. Wesley, "A study of anthropomorphic theophany and Visio Dei in the Hebrew Bible, the Quran and early Sunni Islam", University of Michigan, March 2009
^ "The man who realizes God as a friend is never lonely in the world, neither in this world nor in the hereafter. There is always a friend, a friend in the crowd, a friend in the solitude; or while he is asleep, unconscious of this outer world, and when he is awake and conscious of it. In both cases the friend is there in his thought, in his imagination, in his heart, in his soul." Inayat Khan, quoted from The Sufi Message of Hazrat Inayat Khan
^ Chapter 1: Religious Beliefs and Practices. U.S. Religious Landscape Survey: Religious Beliefs and Practices. Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. II. Religious Beliefs: God. 1 June 2008 [2021-08-25]. （原始内容存档于2018-01-01）.
^ Smith, Tom W. Beliefs about God across Time and Countries (PDF). NORC at the University of Chicago. Table 3: Believing in a Personal God (2019). 18 April 2012 [2021-08-25]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2018-11-02）.
^ Most Christians Believe in a Personal God, Others Tend to See God as Impersonal Force. U.S. Public Becoming Less Religious. Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 29 October 2015 [2021-08-25]. （原始内容存档于2021-10-26）.

参考资料编辑

Norcliffe, David (1999). Islam: Faith and Practice. Sussex Academic Press.
Jain, Vijay K, Acarya Pujyapada's Istopadesa – the Golden Discourse, 2014-03-26 [2021-08-25], ISBN 9788190363969, （原始内容存档于2021-11-03）
Sangave, Vilas Adinath, Aspects of Jaina religion 3, Bharatiya Jnanpith, 2001 [2021-08-25], ISBN 81-263-0626-2, （原始内容存档于2022-03-16）
Rankin, Aidan, Chapter 1. Jains Jainism and Jainness, Living Jainism: An Ethical Science, John Hunt Publishing, 2013 [2021-08-25], ISBN 978-1780999111, （原始内容存档于2022-03-17）
Jain, Vijay K. Ācārya Nemichandra's Dravyasaṃgraha. 2013 [2021-08-25]. ISBN 9788190363952. （原始内容存档于2022-04-14）. Non-copyright

外部链接编辑

The Holy Spirit - A Person or Power? （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Who is the Holy Spirit? （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

[1] Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy's concepts of God. Plato.stanford.edu. [2018-04-16]. （原始内容存档于2018-09-07）.

[ReferenceA-2] Williams, W. Wesley, "A study of anthropomorphic theophany and Visio Dei in the Hebrew Bible, the Quran and early Sunni Islam", University of Michigan, March 2009

[3] "The man who realizes God as a friend is never lonely in the world, neither in this world nor in the hereafter. There is always a friend, a friend in the crowd, a friend in the solitude; or while he is asleep, unconscious of this outer world, and when he is awake and conscious of it. In both cases the friend is there in his thought, in his imagination, in his heart, in his soul." Inayat Khan, quoted from The Sufi Message of Hazrat Inayat Khan

[4] Chapter 1: Religious Beliefs and Practices. U.S. Religious Landscape Survey: Religious Beliefs and Practices. Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. II. Religious Beliefs: God. 1 June 2008 [2021-08-25]. （原始内容存档于2018-01-01）.

[5] Smith, Tom W. Beliefs about God across Time and Countries (PDF). NORC at the University of Chicago. Table 3: Believing in a Personal God (2019). 18 April 2012 [2021-08-25]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2018-11-02）.

[6] Most Christians Believe in a Personal God, Others Tend to See God as Impersonal Force. U.S. Public Becoming Less Religious. Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 29 October 2015 [2021-08-25]. （原始内容存档于2021-10-26）.

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人格神

观点 编辑

亚伯拉罕宗教 编辑

犹太教 编辑

基督教 编辑

伊斯兰教 编辑

巴哈伊信仰 编辑

自然神论 编辑

参见 编辑

备注 编辑

参考资料 编辑

外部链接 编辑