美什維什埃及語Mšwš.w,英語:Meshwesh,在古埃及語中常被縮寫為Ma),是一個古利比亞柏柏爾人部族,[1]利布英語Libu特赫努英語Tehenu類似。[2]

關於美什維什人的早期記錄可以追溯到埃及第十八王朝阿蒙霍特普三世統治時期。在第十九第二十王朝期間(約公元前1295-1075年),美什維什人與古埃及幾乎一直處於衝突之中。在第二十一王朝後期,越來越多的美什維什人開始在埃及的西三角洲地區定居。在第二十一王朝後期,在奧索爾孔法老治下最終控制了埃及。經過38年的休養生息,在此期間,埃及本土的君主西阿蒙普蘇森尼斯二世繼承了法老之位,美什維什人在整個第二十二第二十三王朝統治着埃及,統治者包括舍順克一世奧索爾孔一世奧索爾孔二世舍順克三世奧索爾孔三世等法老。

參考資料

編輯
  1. ^ Oyeniyi, Bukola A. The History of Libya. ABC-CLIO. 2019-03-22 [2022-10-24]. ISBN 978-1-4408-5607-5. (原始內容存檔於2022-10-25) (英語). 
  2. ^ Zimmermann, K. Lebou/Libou. Encyclopédie berbère. 2008-01-01, (28–29): 4361–4363 [2022-10-24]. ISSN 1015-7344. doi:10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.319. (原始內容存檔於2022-10-24) (法語). 
  • Bates, Oric. 1914. The Eastern Libyans: An Essay. Cass Library of African Studies 87. London: Frank Cass and Company Limited. ISBN 0-7146-1634-6
  • Dodson, Aidan Mark. 1995. "Rise & Fall of The House of Shoshenq: The Libyan Centuries of Egyptian History." KMT: A Modern Journal of Ancient Egypt 6 (3):52–67.
  • Gomaà, Farouk. 1974. Die libyschen Fürstentümer des Deltas von Tod Osorkons II. bis zur Wiedervereinigen Ägyptens durch Psametik I. Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients (Reihe B [Geistewissenschaften]) 6. Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag.
  • Haring, Bernardus Johannes Jozef. 1992. "Libyans in the Late Twentieth Dynasty". In Village Voices: Proceedings of the Symposium 'Texts from Deir el-Medîna and Their Interpretation,' Leiden, May 31–June 1, 1991, edited by Robert Johannes Demarée and Arno Egberts. Centre of Non-Western Studies Publications 13. Leiden: Centre of Non-Western Studies, Leiden University. 71–80.
  • Kitchen, Kenneth Anderson. [1996]. The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100–650 BC). 3rd ed. Warminster: Aris & Phillips Limited.
  • Leahy, M. Anthony. 1985. "The Libyan Period in Egypt: An Essay in Interpretation." Libyan Studies 16:51–65.
  • ———, ed. 1990. Libya and Egypt c1300–750 BC. London: School of Oriental and African Studies, Centre of Near and Middle Eastern Studies, and The Society for Libyan Studies.
  • Snape, Steven. 2003. "The Emergence of Libya on the Horizon of Egypt". In Mysterious Lands, edited by David B. O'Connor and Stephen G. J. Quirke. Encounters with Ancient Egypt 5. London: Institute of Archaeology, University College London and UCL Press. 93–106.
  • Wainwright, Geoffrey Avery. 1962. "The Meshwesh." Journal of Egyptian Archæology 48:89–99.
  • White, Donald. 1994. "Before the Greeks Came: A Survey of the Current Archaeological Evidence for the Pre-Greek Libyans." Libyan Studies 25 (Cyrenaican Archaeology: An International Colloquium):31–39, 43–44.
  • Yoyotte, Jean. 1961. "Les principautés du Delta au temps de l'anarchie libyenne (Études d'histoire politique)". In Mélanges Maspero. Volume 1: Orient ancien. Mémoires publiés par les membres de l'Institut français d'archéologie orientale du Caire 66/1 (fascicle 4). Cairo: Imprimerie de l'Institut français d'archéologie orientale du Caire. 121–181.