用户:It's gonna be awesome/sandbox3
台湾的数据 编辑
- ADHD在台湾儿童的盛行率(=患病率)约为7%。依据卫生福利部中央健保署之健保数据库的资料显示，儿童就医者大约是2.5%左右。ADHD儿童盛行率 - 就医率 = 4.5 % ，也就是有超过一半的过动儿没有接受相关治疗。[1]
- ADHD台湾成人的盛行率推估为一百个成人中大约有四位(4%)左右的ADHD成人患者。根据健保数据库的资料显示：18~50岁成人，曾被诊断为ADHD的比率为0.057% (十万分之五十七、一百人中有0.057人曾经为此就诊)。[2]
Pending Translation 编辑
pending translation in non-distant future
International Classification of Diseases 编辑
In the ICD-10, the symptoms of "hyperkinetic disorder" are analogous to ADHD in the DSM-5. When a conduct disorder (as defined by ICD-10)[3] is present, the condition is referred to as hyperkinetic conduct disorder. Otherwise, the disorder is classified as disturbance of activity and attention, other hyperkinetic disorders or hyperkinetic disorders, unspecified. The latter is sometimes referred to as hyperkinetic syndrome.[3]
In the preliminary draft for ICD-11 (planned for 2018), ADHD is classified under 6A42 (Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) and everything seems to be fully identical now to DSM-5.[4]
International Classification of Diseases[edit]
世界通用疾病分类手册（国际通用的疾病分类表）（ICD, International Classification of Diseases）
In the ICD-10, the symptoms of "hyperkinetic disorder" are analogous to ADHD in the DSM-5.
世界卫生组织出版的《世界通用疾病分类手册》第十版（ICD-10, International Classification of Disease-10，又称为“国际通用的疾病分类表”）, “过度活跃症”的症状等同于DSM-5中ADHD的症状。（在ICD-10中ADHD被称为“过度活跃症”Hyperkinetic Disorder）[5]
The following paragraph will be tentatively left un-translated as DSM-5 is the most referred to by doctors across the world.
When a conduct disorder(as defined by ICD-10)[41] is present, the condition is referred to as hyperkinetic conduct disorder. Otherwise, the disorder is classified as disturbance of activity and attention, other hyperkinetic disorders or hyperkinetic disorders, unspecified. The latter is sometimes referred to as hyperkinetic syndrome.[41]
In the preliminary draft for ICD-11 (planned for 2018), ADHD is classified under 6A42 (Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) and everything seems to be fully identical now to DSM-5.[124]
预定于2018年发行的ICD-11 （ICD 第十一版）的初始草稿中，“注意力不足过动症”被分类于6A42（ADHD）的类别里，而该ADHD类别中的定义暨介绍已趋近现时之DSM-5。[6]
Definition of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in International Classification of Disease 编辑
Definition Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is characterized by a persistent pattern (at least 6 months) of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity, with onset during the developmental period, typically early to mid-childhood. The degree of inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity is outside the limits of normal variation expected for age and level of intellectual functioning and significantly interferes with academic, occupational, or social functioning. Inattention refers to significant difficulty in sustaining attention to tasks that do not provide a high level of stimulation or frequent rewards, distractibility and problems with organization. Hyperactivity refers to excessive motor activity and difficulties with remaining still, most evident in structured situations that require behavioural self-control. Impulsivity is a tendency to act in response to immediate stimuli, without deliberation or consideration of the risks and consequences. The relative balance and the specific manifestations of inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive characteristics varies across individuals, and may change over the course of development. In order for a diagnosis of disorder the behaviour pattern must be clearly observable in more than one setting.
Inclusions attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity attention deficit syndrome with hyperactivity Exclusions Autism spectrum disorder (6A20) Disruptive behaviour or dissocial disorders (6D90-6D9Z) All Index Terms There are no index terms associated with this entity
Definition of hyperkinetic disorder by International Classification of Disorder-10 编辑
International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10) Version for 2010 Chapter V
Mental and behavioural disorders
(F00-F99)
心理与行为疾病
Behavioural and emotional disorders with onset usually occurring in childhood and adolescence
(F90-F98)
早发于青少年时期的情绪及行为疾病
F90 Hyperkinetic disorders
A group of disorders characterized by an early onset (usually in the first five years of life), lack of persistence in activities that require cognitive involvement, and a tendency to move from one activity to another without completing any one, together with disorganized, ill-regulated, and excessive activity.
年纪轻轻（通常在零到五岁的时候）就出现难以持续进行一件需要动脑的活动、常常一件事情还没做一个段落就跳到另一个事情去，并伴随“组织与规划能力”的不足、听从指示上的困难、过多的活动。
Several other abnormalities may be associated.
ADHD可能与其他疾病共病。
Hyperkinetic children are often reckless and impulsive, prone to accidents, and find themselves in disciplinary trouble because of unthinking breaches of rules rather than deliberate defiance.
患有“Hyperkinetic disorder”的孩子通常较冲动、没有三思而后行。因此容易发生意外。“听从指示上的困难”通常起因于没有“三思而后行”，“刻意造反”相较之下的可能性较低。
Deliberate adjective (often something bad) intentional or planned. Defiant adjective proudly refusing to obey authority.
Their relationships with adults are often socially disinhibited, with a lack of normal caution and reserve. They are unpopular with other children and may become isolated.
患者跟成人的交流可能是毫无保留的，缺乏正常的戒心与保守。患者可能在群体之中不受欢迎且受到孤立。
Impairment of cognitive functions is common, and specific delays in motor and language development are disproportionately frequent.
认知功能的不足是常见的，运动和语言发展上的延迟、迟缓更是频繁。
Secondary complications include dissocial behaviour and low self-esteem.
次要的并发症包含非社会化（社会无法接受）的行为以及低自尊心。
Publish version:
世界通用疾病分类手册 第十版（ICD-10, International Classification of Disease-10，又称为“国际通用的疾病分类表”） 编辑
International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10) Version for 2010
Chapter V
以下为2010年出版之《世界通用疾病分类手册 第十版》第五章节
Mental and behavioural disorders
(F00-F99)
心理与行为疾病（F00-F99）
Behavioural and emotional disorders with onset usually occurring in childhood and adolescence
(F90-F98)
早发于青少年时期的情绪及行为疾病 （F90-F98）
F90 Hyperkinetic disorders
F90“过度活跃症”
A group of disorders characterized by an early onset (usually in the first five years of life), lack of persistence in activities that require cognitive involvement, and a tendency to move from one activity to another without completing any one, together with disorganized, ill-regulated, and excessive activity.
年纪轻轻（通常在零到五岁的时候）就出现难以持续进行一件需要动脑的活动、常常一件事情还没做一个段落就跳到另一个事情去，并伴随“组织与规划能力”的不足、听从指示上的困难、过多的活动。
Several other abnormalities may be associated.
ADHD可能与其他疾病共病。
Hyperkinetic children are often reckless and impulsive, prone to accidents, and find themselves in disciplinary trouble because of unthinking breaches of rules rather than deliberate defiance.
患有“Hyperkinetic disorder”的孩子通常较冲动、没有三思而后行。因此容易发生意外。“听从指示上的困难”通常起因于没有“三思而后行”，“刻意造反”相较之下的可能性较低。
Deliberate adjective (often something bad) intentional or planned. Defiant adjective proudly refusing to obey authority.
Their relationships with adults are often socially disinhibited, with a lack of normal caution and reserve. They are unpopular with other children and may become isolated.
患者跟成人的交流可能是毫无保留的，缺乏正常的戒心与保守。患者可能在群体之中不受欢迎且受到孤立。
Impairment of cognitive functions is common, and specific delays in motor and language development are disproportionately frequent.
认知功能的不足是常见的，运动和语言发展上的延迟、迟缓更是频繁。
Secondary complications include dissocial behaviour and low self-esteem.
次要的并发症包含非社会化（社会无法接受）的行为以及低自尊心。
Excl.: anxiety disorders (F41.-) mood [affective] disorders (F30-F39) pervasive developmental disorders (F84.-) schizophrenia (F20.-) F90.0 Disturbance of activity and attention Attention deficit: disorder with hyperactivity hyperactivity disorder syndrome with hyperactivity Excl.: hyperkinetic disorder associated with conduct disorder (F90.1) F90.1 Hyperkinetic conduct disorder Hyperkinetic disorder associated with conduct disorder F90.8 Other hyperkinetic disorders F90.9 Hyperkinetic disorder, unspecified Hyperkinetic reaction of childhood or adolescence NOS Hyperkinetic syndrome NOS F91 Conduct disorders Disorders characterized by a repetitive and persistent pattern of dissocial, aggressive, or defiant conduct. Such behaviour should amount to major violations of age-appropriate social expectations; it should therefore be more severe than ordinary childish mischief or adolescent rebelliousness and should imply an enduring pattern of behaviour (six months or longer). Features of conduct disorder can also be symptomatic of other psychiatric conditions, in which case the underlying diagnosis should be preferred.
Examples of the behaviours on which the diagnosis is based include excessive levels of fighting or bullying, cruelty to other people or animals, severe destructiveness to property, fire-setting, stealing, repeated lying, truancy from school and running away from home, unusually frequent and severe temper tantrums, and disobedience. Any one of these behaviours, if marked, is sufficient for the diagnosis, but isolated dissocial acts are not.
Excl.: mood [affective] (F30-F39) pervasive developmental disorders (F84.-) schizophrenia (F20.-) when associated with: emotional disorders (F92.-) hyperkinetic disorders (F90.1) F91.0 Conduct disorder confined to the family context Conduct disorder involving dissocial or aggressive behaviour (and not merely oppositional, defiant, disruptive behaviour), in which the abnormal behaviour is entirely, or almost entirely, confined to the home and to interactions with members of the nuclear family or immediate household. The disorder requires that the overall criteria for F91.- be met; even severely disturbed parent-child relationships are not of themselves sufficient for diagnosis.
F91.1 Unsocialized conduct disorder Disorder characterized by the combination of persistent dissocial or aggressive behaviour (meeting the overall criteria for F91.- and not merely comprising oppositional, defiant, disruptive behaviour) with significant pervasive abnormalities in the individual's relationships with other children.
Conduct disorder, solitary aggressive type Unsocialized aggressive disorder F91.2 Socialized conduct disorder Disorder involving persistent dissocial or aggressive behaviour (meeting the overall criteria for F91.- and not merely comprising oppositional, defiant, disruptive behaviour) occurring in individuals who are generally well integrated into their peer group.
Conduct disorder, group type Group delinquency Offences in the context of gang membership Stealing in company with others Truancy from school F91.3 Oppositional defiant disorder Conduct disorder, usually occurring in younger children, primarily characterized by markedly defiant, disobedient, disruptive behaviour that does not include delinquent acts or the more extreme forms of aggressive or dissocial behaviour. The disorder requires that the overall criteria for F91.- be met; even severely mischievous or naughty behaviour is not in itself sufficient for diagnosis. Caution should be employed before using this category, especially with older children, because clinically significant conduct disorder will usually be accompanied by dissocial or aggressive behaviour that goes beyond mere defiance, disobedience, or disruptiveness.
F91.8 Other conduct disorders F91.9 Conduct disorder, unspecified Childhood: behavioural disorder NOS conduct disorder NOS F92 Mixed disorders of conduct and emotions A group of disorders characterized by the combination of persistently aggressive, dissocial or defiant behaviour with overt and marked symptoms of depression, anxiety or other emotional upsets. The criteria for both conduct disorders of childhood (F9l.-) and emotional disorders of childhood (F93.-) or an adult-type neurotic diagnosis (F40-F48) or a mood disorder (F30-F39) must be met.
F92.0 Depressive conduct disorder This category requires the combination of conduct disorder (F91.-) with persistent and marked depression of mood (F32.-), as demonstrated by symptoms such as excessive misery, loss of interest and pleasure in usual activities, self-blame, and hopelessness; disturbances of sleep or appetite may also be present.
Conduct disorder in F91.- associated with depressive disorder in F32.- F92.8 Other mixed disorders of conduct and emotions This category requires the combination of conduct disorder (F91.-) with persistent and marked emotional symptoms such as anxiety, obsessions or compulsions, depersonalization or derealization, phobias, or hypochondriasis.
Conduct disorder in F91.- associated with: emotional disorder in F93.- neurotic disorder in F40-F48 F92.9 Mixed disorder of conduct and emotions, unspecified F93 Emotional disorders with onset specific to childhood Mainly exaggerations of normal developmental trends rather than phenomena that are qualitatively abnormal in themselves. Developmental appropriateness is used as the key diagnostic feature in defining the difference between these emotional disorders, with onset specific to childhood, and the neurotic disorders (F40-F48).
Excl.: when associated with conduct disorder (F92.-) F93.0 Separation anxiety disorder of childhood Should be diagnosed when fear of separation constitutes the focus of the anxiety and when such anxiety first arose during the early years of childhood. It is differentiated from normal separation anxiety when it is of a degree (severity) that is statistically unusual (including an abnormal persistence beyond the usual age period), and when it is associated with significant problems in social functioning.
Excl.: mood [affective] disorders (F30-F39) neurotic disorders (F40-F48) phobic anxiety disorder of childhood (F93.1) social anxiety disorder of childhood (F93.2) F93.1 Phobic anxiety disorder of childhood Fears in childhood that show a marked developmental phase specificity and arise (to some extent) in a majority of children, but that are abnormal in degree. Other fears that arise in childhood but that are not a normal part of psychosocial development (for example agoraphobia) should be coded under the appropriate category in section F40-F48.
Excl.: generalized anxiety disorder (F41.1) F93.2 Social anxiety disorder of childhood In this disorder there is a wariness of strangers and social apprehension or anxiety when encountering new, strange, or socially threatening situations. This category should be used only where such fears arise during the early years, and are both unusual in degree and accompanied by problems in social functioning.
Avoidant disorder of childhood or adolescence
Citation: http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2010/en#/F90
Medical conditions which can cause ADHD type symptoms include: hyperthyroidism, seizure disorder, lead toxicity, hearing deficits, hepatic disease, sleep apnea, drug interactions, untreated celiac disease, and head injury.[25][60]
治疗ADHD的时候，若患者亦有以下表列之疾病，则可与ADHD同步治疗。[7][8][9][10][11]
以下疾病可能造成类似注意力不足过动症的相关症状：
- 甲状腺机能亢进（hyperthyroidism）
- 癫痫（seizure disorder）
- 铅中毒（lead toxicity）
- 听觉障碍（hearing deficits）
- 乳糜泻（celiac disease）
- 肝病（hepatic disease）
- 不同药品之间的交互作用（Drug Interactions）
- 睡眠呼吸中止症（sleep apnea）
- 脑部缺氧（Brain Hypoxia/shortage of oxygen to the brain）
- 可能造成脑部缺氧的常见可能因素（过敏相关）：
- 鼻息肉肥厚
- 鼻中膈弯曲
- 气管、支气管收缩或肥厚
- 头部受伤（head injury）
Citation：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder#Differential_diagnosis
Reply backup 编辑
Trial of inssertion of outward appearance of Concerta 编辑
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Galerella sanguinea (Slender Mongoose) -
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Felis silvestris catus (A Young Cat) -
Felis catus (cat on snow) -
Felis silvestris catus (Tired 20-year-old cat) -
Felis silvestris catus (Cat) -
Felis silvestris silvestris (European wildcat) -
Felis catus (Domestic cat) -
Lynx lynx (A Young Lynx) -
Concerta tablet(bump)
.jpg)
Impact on marriage 编辑
Look the pages of Adult with ADHD in which the bookmark is inserted.
两性交往与婚姻问题 编辑
注意力不足过动症患者活泼开朗、热心助人、说话风趣、勇于告白的特性对于两性交往与婚姻来说都具有加分作用Plus。 然而交往一段时间后，注意力不足过动症患者的负面特质，例如：没耐心、容易迟到、无法专心听人说话、交代的事情老是忘记、需要帮忙的时候找不到人、生活习惯及生活作息不佳、喜欢开快车、个性很迷糊、……，可能就会让对方萌生退意。
如果顺利通过交往，共结连理，则接下来注意力不足过动症患者可能遇到的挑战为：比起交往时期多了许多柴米油盐酱醋茶之事，患者可能会因为忘记付账单、照顾小孩很恍神、做事虎头蛇尾而引起夫妻间的争吵，为婚姻生活埋下阴影。
幸运的是，注意力不足过动症是可以治疗的，只要提升专注力，落实执行力，ADHD患者一样可以活出美好天赋，有着精采阳光的人生。
Merit points that were born with ADHD. (applies to pure ADHD without any associated disorders involved in) 编辑
Look over the pages of Adult with ADHD in which the bookmark is installed/deployed. =)
continue the Denial Mindset seen in ADHDs 编辑
Think of how to write for the sake/in the light of comprising those references over "Face or integrity" into the main article.
Frequently asked questions and their answers 编辑
- 问题 Question:
- “我的孩子并无上述‘注意力不足过动症（ADHD）’的所有特征，所以他不是‘注意力不足过动症（ADHD）’。”
- 答复 Answer：
- 有无全部特征牵涉到是否有其他共病存在且“治疗”的主要目的在于协助患者避免缺点并发扬优点。“注意力不足过动症（ADHD）”的诊断系依据DSM-TR精神疾病诊断与统计手册的标准并辅以其他相关资料。
Bar-Table experiments 编辑
| Substance | Temperature | Relative size | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mercury | −38.72 °C（−37.70 °F） | ||
| Bromine | −7.10 °C（19.22 °F） | ||
| Water | 0 °C（32 °F） | ||
| Phosphorus | 44.10 °C（111.38 °F） | ||
| Iodine | 7% | ||
| Sulphur | 115.36 °C（239.65 °F） | ||
Bar-Table experiments 编辑
| Example | Rendering | |
|---|---|---|
| Only value | 272 | |
| Negative value | -72 | |
| Math expression | exp(1)*1e2 | |
| Value and unit (note added space) | 272 km/h | |
| Value and unit (link to definition) | 272° | |
| Value and unit (with formatting) | θ = 272° | |
| Value and unit (with conversion) | 272 km（169 mi） | |
| Value and scale | 272 | |
| Value and height | 272 | |
| Value and style | 272 | |
| Value with commas, and scale | 2,720 | |
| The full monty | 18^2% | |
Formal experiments begins 编辑
| Example | Rendering | |
|---|---|---|
| Only value | 0.57% | |
| Negative value | 7% | |
| ADHD在台湾儿童及青少年的盛行率（保守估计） | 35% | |
| Value with commas, and scale | 500% | |
- ^ 找回专注力：成人ADHD全方位自助手册
- ^ 找回专注力：成人ADHD全方位自助手册
- ^ 3.0 3.1 F90 Hyperkinetic disorders, International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision, World Health Organisation, 2010 [2 November 2014]
- ^ ICD-11 Beta Draft. who.int
- ^ [1]
- ^ ICD-11 Beta Draft. who.int
- ^ Gentile JP, Atiq R, Gillig PM. Adult ADHD: Diagnosis, Differential Diagnosis, and Medication Management. Psychiatry (Edgmont). August 2006, 3 (8): 25–30. PMC 2957278
. PMID 20963192.
- ^ Ertürk, E; Wouters, S; Imeraj, L; Lampo, A. Association of ADHD and Celiac Disease: What Is the Evidence? A Systematic Review of the Literature.. Journal of Attention Disorders (Review). 29 January 2016. PMID 26825336. doi:10.1177/1087054715611493.
Up till now, there is no conclusive evidence for a relationship between ADHD and CD. Therefore, it is not advised to perform routine screening of CD when assessing ADHD (and vice versa) or to implement GFD as a standard treatment in ADHD. Nevertheless, the possibility of untreated CD predisposing to ADHD-like behavior should be kept in mind. ... It is possible that in untreated patients with CD, neurologic symptoms such as chronic fatigue, inattention, pain, and headache could predispose patients to ADHD-like behavior (mainly symptoms of inattentive type), which may be alleviated after GFD treatment. (CD: celiac disease; GFD: gluten-free diet)
- ^ Seasonal Digest published by Taiwanese Society of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
- ^ 引用错误：没有为名为
pmid27664125的参考文献提供内容 - ^ Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder#Differential_diagnosis
