休讷堡(德语:Heuneburg)是史前凯尔特人的山堡遗迹,位于多瑙河畔,位于德国南部巴登-符腾堡州乌尔姆西格马林根之间,靠近赫伯廷根的洪德辛根,靠近现代瑞士和奥地利边境。它被认为是中欧最重要的早期凯尔特人中心之一,特别是在铁器时代哈尔施塔特文化时期。除了坚固的城堡外,还有大量跨越几个世纪的定居点和墓地遗迹。

休讷堡复原图

坚固的城堡尺寸约为300x150m。它矗立在一座地理位置优越的山脊上,陡峭地耸立在多瑙河上方40米。它位于肥沃的河流平原中心,周围是起伏的丘陵地区[1]。在铁器时代,霍恩堡被认为控制了超过1,000平方公里(390平方英里)的周边地区,包括其他山顶定居点、小村庄、村庄、道路、墓地以及邪教或聚会场所[2]

该定居点被称为“阿尔卑斯山以北最古老的城市”[3][4],并被认为是希罗多德提到的凯尔特城市比利牛斯[2][3]

参考 编辑

  1. ^ Krause, Dirk; Fernández-Götz, Manuel. Heuneburg: First city north of the Alps. Current World Archaeology. 2012, 55: 28–34. 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Krause, Dirk. Earliest town north of the Alps. New excavations and research in the Heuneburg region. Zamboni, Lorenzo (编). Crossing the Alps. Sidestone Press. 2020: 299–314. Recent excavations indicate that the Heuneburg controlled an area of over 1,000 km² with cemeteries, further hilltop settlements, hamlets, villages, roads and cult or gathering places. It was not only the Heuneburg itself that must have formed an architectonically impressive agglomeration. Consequently, the polis Pyrene stands for this whole system, not just the hillfort of the Heuneburg. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Heuneburg - Celtic city of Pyrene. heuneburg-pyrene.de. 
  4. ^ Heuneburg: Celtic town in Upper Swabia (PDF).