打兰

打兰（英語：dram或drachm；药剂学符号：ʒ；缩写：dr）^[1]^[2]^:C-6–C-7^[3] ，最初为希腊古代的一个重量及硬币单位^{[註 1]}。^[4]它是常衡制的一个质量单位，也是药衡制（英语：apothecaries' system）的一个质量单位和体积单位。 ^[2]作体积单位时，常被称为“液量打兰”或“英液打兰”，英文中则被称为“fluid dram”、“fluid drachm”、“fluidram”或“fluidrachm”，缩写为“fl dr”、“ƒ 3”或“fʒ”。^[1]^[2]^:C-17^[3]^[5]^[6]^[7]

重量单位编辑

在古希腊计量单位（英语：Ancient Greek units of measurement）中，德拉克马（drachm）为重量单位，相当于6奥波勒斯或¹⁄₁₀₀希腊米纳，约合4.37克。^[8]
在古罗马计量单位（英语：Ancient Roman units of measurement）中，重量单位德拉克马，或称德拉姆（dram），等于¹⁄₉₆罗马磅，约合3.41克。^[9]^[10]
在奥斯曼帝国，迪拉姆（Dirham），等于¹⁄₄₀₀奥克（英语：Oka (mass)），约合3.207克。

注释编辑

^ 作希腊重量和货币单位时译作“德拉克马”

参考编辑

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 Simpson, John A.; Weiner, Edmund S.C. (编). drachm, n.. Oxford English Dictionary 2nd. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. 1989, online version 2012 [2 July 2012]. ISBN 978-0-19-861186-8. OCLC 50959346. （原始内容存档于2015-09-24）. Spelt drachm or dram. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助) Earlier version first published in New English Dictionary, 1897.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 National Institute of Standards and Technology (October 2011). Butcher, Tina; Cook, Steve; Crown, Linda et al. eds. "Appendix C – General Tables of Units of Measurement" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） (PDF). Specifications, Tolerances, and Other Technical Requirements for Weighing and Measuring Devices （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. NIST Handbook. 44 (2012 ed.). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology. ISSN 0271-4027 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. OCLC 58927093. Retrieved 1 July 2012.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 Boyer, Mary Jo. UNIT 2 Measurement Systems: The Apothecary System. Math for Nurses: A Pocket Guide to Dosage Calculation and Drug Preparation 7th. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2009: 108–9 [2 July 2012]. ISBN 978-0-7817-6335-6. OCLC 181600928. （原始内容存档于2014-07-05）.
^ 引证错误：没有为名为OEDdram的参考文献提供内容
^ Royal College of Physicians of Dublin. Weights and Measures. The Pharmacopœia of the King and Queen's College of Physicians in Ireland. Dublin: Hodges and Smith. 1850: xlvi [6 July 2012]. OCLC 599509441.
^ fluidram. Merriam-Webster online. Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster. [2 July 2012]. OCLC 44475779. （原始内容存档于2014-11-29）. Definition of FLUIDRAM: variant of fluid dram
^ Powell, Richard; Royal College of Physicians of London. Weights, Measures, &c. [measures of liquids sect.]. The Pharmacopœia of the Royal College of Physicians of London, M. DCCC. IX corr. and enl. 2nd. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme. 1809: 3 [6 July 2012]. OCLC 622876101.
^ Donald J. Mastronarde. Introduction to Attic Greek. University of California Press. 19 March 1993: 222 [30 June 2012]. ISBN 978-0-520-07844-4. （原始内容存档于2017-02-21）.
^ Smith, William. DICTIONARY OF GREEK AND ROMAN ANTIQUITIES. 3rd American. New York: Harper & Brothers. 1886: 1062 [1 July 2012].
^ Ramsay, William Wardlaw. An elementary manual of Roman antiquities 7th. London: Charles Griffin and Company. 1883: 206 [1 July 2012].

外部链接编辑

Appendix C – General Tables of Units of Measurement （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） in Specifications, Tolerances, and Other Technical Requirements for Weighing and Measuring Devices （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. NIST Handbook 44 (2012 ed.).
Image （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） of Ancient Greek silver drachm with flying Pegasus, Acarnania, Leucas, c. 470–450 BCE

[4] 作希腊重量和货币单位时译作“德拉克马”

[OEDdrachm-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Simpson, John A.; Weiner, Edmund S.C. (编). drachm, n.. Oxford English Dictionary 2nd. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. 1989, online version 2012 [2 July 2012]. ISBN 978-0-19-861186-8. OCLC 50959346. （原始内容存档于2015-09-24）. Spelt drachm or dram. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助) Earlier version first published in New English Dictionary, 1897.

[NIST-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 National Institute of Standards and Technology (October 2011). Butcher, Tina; Cook, Steve; Crown, Linda et al. eds. "Appendix C – General Tables of Units of Measurement" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） (PDF). Specifications, Tolerances, and Other Technical Requirements for Weighing and Measuring Devices （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. NIST Handbook. 44 (2012 ed.). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology. ISSN 0271-4027 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. OCLC 58927093. Retrieved 1 July 2012.

[Boyer2009-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Boyer, Mary Jo. UNIT 2 Measurement Systems: The Apothecary System. Math for Nurses: A Pocket Guide to Dosage Calculation and Drug Preparation 7th. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2009: 108–9 [2 July 2012]. ISBN 978-0-7817-6335-6. OCLC 181600928. （原始内容存档于2014-07-05）.

[OEDdram-5] 引证错误：没有为名为OEDdram的参考文献提供内容

[RoyalCollege1850-6] Royal College of Physicians of Dublin. Weights and Measures. The Pharmacopœia of the King and Queen's College of Physicians in Ireland. Dublin: Hodges and Smith. 1850: xlvi [6 July 2012]. OCLC 599509441.

[7] uidram. Merriam-Webster online. Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster. [2 July 2012]. OCLC 44475779. （原始内容存档于2014-11-29）. Definition of FLUIDRAM: variant of fluid dram

[PowellRoyalCollege1809-8] Powell, Richard; Royal College of Physicians of London. Weights, Measures, &c. [measures of liquids sect.]. The Pharmacopœia of the Royal College of Physicians of London, M. DCCC. IX corr. and enl. 2nd. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme. 1809: 3 [6 July 2012]. OCLC 622876101.

[Mastronarde1993-9] Donald J. Mastronarde. Introduction to Attic Greek. University of California Press. 19 March 1993: 222 [30 June 2012]. ISBN 978-0-520-07844-4. （原始内容存档于2017-02-21）.

[DICTIONARY_OF_GREEK_AND_ROMAN_ANTIQUITIES.-10] Smith, William. DICTIONARY OF GREEK AND ROMAN ANTIQUITIES. 3rd American. New York: Harper & Brothers. 1886: 1062 [1 July 2012].

[Ramsay1883-11] Ramsay, William Wardlaw. An elementary manual of Roman antiquities 7th. London: Charles Griffin and Company. 1883: 206 [1 July 2012].

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打兰

重量单位 编辑

注释 编辑

参考 编辑

外部链接 编辑

重量单位编辑

注释编辑

参考编辑

外部链接编辑