包被
描述
编辑包被依據物種的不同,而有各種不同的厚度,當中包被可能薄到有如紙張,厚到有如橡膠般堅硬。通常包被層數會有1至3層;如果某個物種有2層包被,外面的一層稱為外包被(exoperidium),裡面的一層稱為內包被(endoperidium)。如果有3層包被,則會由外向內依序稱為外包被、中包被(mesoperidium)與內包被[2]。
在最簡單的地底型態中,包被會在孢子成熟前保持閉合狀態,甚至沒有裂開或打開的特殊機制,但會在孢子釋放前腐爛[3]。
馬勃
编辑對於大多數真菌,包被外會附有鱗片或刺。部分物種會在包被發展過程中突出地表,一般的典型物種即為馬勃;通常馬勃的包被會分化成2層以上,並在最外層分解為疣或刺。與之相反,最內層的包被仍維持完整與光滑,用以保護孢子。有時在地星屬物種當中,其包被層數更多,並且外包被最終會從頂端分裂成不等數量的點狀物。然而內層包被仍然會保持完整[4]。
硬皮馬勃
编辑與馬勃相反,硬皮馬勃通常只有1層包被,只有3-9公分寬[5][6]。這種單層包被通常堅硬如果皮,切開來時顏色為白色,但新鮮時則為粉紅色;表面顏色則有棕色到暗黃色等各種變化,而且以鱗片型態並排[7]。
用法
编辑有時特定真菌物種的包被會給予一個特別的名稱。舉例,劇毒鵝膏節(Phalloidea)的包被稱為蕈托。鳥巢菌科的包被外層也被稱為「巢」[8]。
參考文獻
编辑- ^ British Fungus – Flora, by George Massee; page 6; Published by George Bell and Sons, 1892
- ^ Blackwell, Meredith; Alexopoulos, Constantine John; Mims, Charles W. Introductory mycology. New York: Wiley. 1996: 544. ISBN 0-471-52229-5.
- ^ "Fungi Mycetozoa and Bacteria". Eng. Ed. "A Monograph of the British Gastromycetes", Annals of Botany, vol. iv. 1889.
- ^ British Fungus – Flora: A Classified Textbook of Mycology; By George Massee; Published by George Bell and Sons, 1892; Item notes: v.1; Original from Harvard University; Digitized Jun 1, 2007
- ^ A Field Guide to Mushrooms: North America; By Vera B. McKnight, Roger Tory Peterson, National Audubon Society, National Wildlife Federation; page 362; Illustrated by Vera B. McKnight; Published by HMCo Field Guides, 1998; ISBN 0-395-91090-0, ISBN 978-0-395-91090-0
- ^ The Genera of Fungi; By Frederic Edward Clements; Published by The H. W. Wilson company, 1909; Original from the University of Michigan; page 195
- ^ Mushrooms Demystified: A Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi; By David Arora; page 708; Published by Ten Speed Press, 1986
- ^ Botany Illustrated: Introduction to Plants, Major Groups, Flowering Plant Families; By Janice Glimn-Lacy, Peter B. Kaufman; page 53; Published by Birkhäuser, 2006; ISBN 0-387-28870-8, ISBN 978-0-387-28870-3