嚼菸
(重定向自嚼煙)
此條目没有列出任何参考或来源。 (2024年1月23日) |
嚼菸(英語:Chewing tobacco),又作嚼煙,一種供口嚼的菸草產品,使用方式為將一塊嚼菸,放入口中咀嚼,就如吃口香糖和檳榔一樣。咀嚼時,嚼菸會釋出香味及尼古丁,這些成份會經由口腔黏膜吸收到人體中,咀嚼後的嚼菸會被吐掉。
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Tuggtobak.jpg/220px-Tuggtobak.jpg)
嚼菸最早起源於美洲原住民,現仍流行於美國及歐洲。美國品牌的嚼菸,一般以雪茄煙葉製成。由於菸草本身含有許多致癌物質,醫學界認為嚼菸可導致口腔癌,牙齦萎縮等。
嚼煙是尼古丁的來源之一,因此很容易上癮,[1]戒掉咀嚼菸草與戒菸一樣具有挑戰性。[2]
使用咀嚼菸草會導致多種有害影響,如牙醫疾病、口腔癌、食道癌、胰臟癌、冠狀動脈心臟病,以及對生殖的負面影響,包括死產、早產和低出生體重。[3][4]咀嚼菸草比傳統燃燒產品帶來的健康風險更低。[5]然而,它並不是吸煙的健康替代品,[6]不同類型的產品和產地的風險程度各不相同,[7][8]咀嚼煙草沒有安全的使用水準。[6]在全球範圍內,咀嚼煙草每年導致 65 萬人死亡。[9]
相关条目
编辑- ^ Vidyasagaran, A. L.; Siddiqi, K.; Kanaan, M. Use of smokeless tobacco and risk of cardiovascular disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis (PDF). European Journal of Preventive Cardiology. 2016, 23 (18): 1970–1981 [2024-07-01]. ISSN 2047-4873. PMID 27256827. S2CID 206820997. doi:10.1177/2047487316654026. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2024-06-01).
- ^ Lipari, R. N; Van Horn, S. L. Trends in Smokeless Tobacco Use and Initiation: 2002 to 2014. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. 31 May 2017. PMID 28636307. 本文含有此來源中屬於公有领域的内容。
- ^ Vidyasagaran, A. L.; Siddiqi, K.; Kanaan, M. Use of smokeless tobacco and risk of cardiovascular disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis (PDF). European Journal of Preventive Cardiology. 2016, 23 (18): 1970–1981 [2024-07-01]. ISSN 2047-4873. PMID 27256827. S2CID 206820997. doi:10.1177/2047487316654026. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2024-06-01).
- ^ Gupta, Ruchika; Gupta, Sanjay; Sharma, Shashi; Sinha, Dhirendra N; Mehrotra, Ravi. Risk of Coronary Heart Disease Among Smokeless Tobacco Users: Results of Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Global Data. Nicotine & Tobacco Research. 2019-01-01, 21 (1): 25–31 [2024-07-01]. ISSN 1469-994X. PMC 6941711 . PMID 29325111. doi:10.1093/ntr/nty002. (原始内容存档于2024-05-31) (英语).
- ^ Hajat, C.; Stein, E.; Ramstrom, L.; Shantikumar, S.; Polosa, R. The health impact of smokeless tobacco products: a systematic review. Harm Reduction Journal. 4 December 2021, 18 (1): 123. ISSN 1477-7517. PMC 8643012 . PMID 34863207. doi:10.1186/s12954-021-00557-6 (英语).
- ^ 6.0 6.1 Lipari, R. N; Van Horn, S. L. Trends in Smokeless Tobacco Use and Initiation: 2002 to 2014. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. 31 May 2017. PMID 28636307. 本文含有此來源中屬於公有领域的内容。
- ^ Abrams, David B.; Glasser, Allison M.; Pearson, Jennifer L.; Villanti, Andrea C.; Collins, Lauren K.; Niaura, Raymond S. Harm Minimization and Tobacco Control: Reframing Societal Views of Nicotine Use to Rapidly Save Lives. Annual Review of Public Health. 2018, 39 (1): 193–213. ISSN 0163-7525. PMC 6942997 . PMID 29323611. doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040617-013849 .
本條目含有来自此处的文本,作者為David B. Abrams, Allison M. Glasser, Jennifer L. Pearson, Andrea C. Villanti, Lauren K. Collins, and Raymond S. Niaura,以CC BY 4.0授權條款釋出。 - ^ Hajat, C.; Stein, E.; Ramstrom, L.; Shantikumar, S.; Polosa, R. The health impact of smokeless tobacco products: a systematic review. Harm Reduction Journal. 4 December 2021, 18 (1): 123. ISSN 1477-7517. PMC 8643012 . PMID 34863207. doi:10.1186/s12954-021-00557-6 (英语).
- ^ Chugh, Aastha; Arora, Monika; Jain, Neha; Vidyasagaran, Aishwarya; Readshaw, Anne; Sheikh, Aziz; Eckhardt, Jappe; Siddiqi, Kamran; Chopra, Mansi; Mishu, Masuma Pervin; Kanaan, Mona; Rahman, Muhammad Aziz; Mehrotra, Ravi; Huque, Rumana; Forberger, Sarah. The global impact of tobacco control policies on smokeless tobacco use: a systematic review. The Lancet Global Health. June 2023, 11 (6): e953–e968 [2024-07-01]. PMID 37202029. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(23)00205-X. (原始内容存档于2024-06-03) (英语).