法西战争 (1635年-1659年)
瑞典與神聖羅馬帝國尋求賠款之後,法國首相黎塞留向西班牙宣戰,因為法國領土被哈布斯堡王朝包圍,成為法國稱霸的最大障礙。這場衝突是法國對三十年戰爭的目標的延續,法軍很快入侵意大利北部,佔領西班牙哈布斯堡的領土,西班牙節節敗退。 法西戰爭於1659年在《比利牛斯條約》的簽訂下結束,法國得到比利牛斯山脈,並稱霸歐洲。
法西戰爭 | |||||||
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![]() 羅克魯瓦戰役 | |||||||
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参战方 | |||||||
第一階段: 1635–1648年![]() ![]() ![]() 摩德納和雷焦公國 (1647–1649) 帕爾馬公國 (1635–1637) 第二階段: 1648–1659年 ![]() ![]() 摩德納和雷焦公國 (1655–1659) ![]() 盟國: ![]() (1640–1659)[a] |
第一階段: 1635–1648年 ![]() ![]() 第二階段: 1648–1659年 ![]() | ||||||
指挥官与领导者 | |||||||
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兵力 | |||||||
30萬人以上 | 可能達到110萬人[1] | ||||||
伤亡与损失 | |||||||
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註腳编辑
- ^ Portugal declared its independence from Spain in 1640, triggering the Portuguese Restoration War. Although the Portuguese were already engaged in the Dutch–Portuguese War since 1602, they agreed to a 10-year truce with the Dutch Republic in Europe (1640–1650) while both were fighting for independence from Spain; nevertheless, the colonial war between the Portuguese and the Dutch West India Company (WIC) in the Americas (especially Dutch Brazil) continued.
參考编辑
- ^ Antonio Domínguez Ortiz, "La sociedad española en el siglo XVII, vol. I, El Estamento nobiliario", edición facsímil, Granada, Universidad, 1992, p. 95.
- ^ Ortiz, p. 95; the figure of 288,000 dead and missing (said to account for 25 to 30 percent of all Spanish troops enlisted) is additionally said to be a low-end estimate as some municipalities did not have figures available.