科学统一论
概论
编辑纵使物理学和社会学是不同的学科,但科学统一论说,它们原则上是科学的一部分。科学论文的统一通常与自然界中的组织层次相关联,其中物理学是最基本的,化学的水平于物理学之上,生物学是高于化学,生物学高于生物学,如此类推。此外,细胞、生物和培养物都见于生物学,但它们代表三种不同水平的生物组织。
科学统一论提出可以视科学为一个集(例如,在讓·皮亞傑的1918年作品Recherche中),其中逻辑是数学的基础,而数学又是力学和物理学的基础;物理学是化学的基础,化学是生物学的基础,生物学是社会学、道德科学、心理学和知识理论的基础;知识理论是建立在逻辑基础之上的。[1]
卡尔·路德维希·冯·贝塔郎非在“一般系统理论:科学统一的新方法”(1951)以及保罗奥本海姆和希拉里·怀特哈尔·普特南在“科学作为工作假设的统一”中对科学论文的统一性进行了明确的阐述和初步论证(1958年)。 杰里福多在“特殊科学(或:科学作为一种工作假设的不统一)”(1974),保罗·费耶阿本德在“反对方法” (1975)和后来的作品以及约翰·杜普雷在“不团结”中的着名论述。科学“(1983)和”物种的紊乱:科学不统一的形而上学基础“ (1993)。
参见
编辑参考文献
编辑- ^ Piaget, Jean. Recherche (PDF). www.fondationjeanpiaget.ch. 2006 [9 February 2017]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-04-13).
进阶阅读
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