雅各布·史密斯
雅各布·赫德·史密斯（英語：Jacob Hurd Smith，1840年1月29日—1918年3月1日），是美国陆军将军，因为美菲战争中对萨马岛的报复屠戮而臭名昭著，后来受到军事法庭的审判，于1902年确定罪行，结束自己在美国军队中的职业生涯。[1][2][3]為了報復巴蘭吉加戰役的死傷，史密斯下令殺死所有在萨马岛、十歲以上的菲律賓男人。[4]他因這一事件受到軍事法庭的審判，菲律賓歷史學家認為死亡數字約為5萬人。[5]
| 雅各布·史密斯 | |
|---|---|
 | |
| 出生 | 1840年1月29日  俄亥俄州 |
| 逝世 | 1918年3月1日 （78歲） 聖地牙哥 |
| 職業 | 士兵 |
参考文献 编辑
- ^ General Jacob H. Smith & the Philippine War’s Samar Campaign. [2021-04-06]. （原始内容存档于2020-09-20）.
- ^ Jacob Hurd Smith, Brigadier General, United States Army. [2021-04-06]. （原始内容存档于2020-12-05）.
- ^ The True Story of Jacob Smith, the 'Monster' of the Philippine-American War. [2021-04-06]. （原始内容存档于2020-12-04）.
- ^ Miller p. 220; PBS documentary "Crucible of Empire" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）; Ten days after President McKinley's death, the residents of Balangiga, a tiny village 400 miles southeast of Manila, attacked the local U.S. garrison. While U.S. soldiers ate breakfast, the church bells rang a signal. Filipinos brandishing machetes emerged from their hiding places. Forty-eight Americans, two-thirds of the garrison, were butchered, in what is called the Balangiga massacre. On the orders of General Jacob H. Smith, U.S. troops retaliated against the entire island of Samar where Balangiga is located. The exchange is known because of two courts-martial: one of Waller, who was later court-martialed for ordering or allowing the execution of a dozen Filipino bearers, and the other of Gen. Jacob H. Smith, who was actually court-martialed for giving that order. The jury is out to the extent that order was carried out, because Littleton Waller actually countermanded it to his own men and said "Captain David Porter, I've had instructions to kill everyone over ten years old. But we are not making war on women and children, only on men capable of bearing arms. Keep that in mind no matter what other orders you receive." Undoubtedly, some men did commit atrocities regardless of Waller's commands.
- ^ Fritz, David L, Before "The Howling Wilderness": The Military Career of Jacob Heard Smith, Military Affairs, November–December (1979), p. 186