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User:DDRVIII/新南威尔士州凯亚马

凯亚马是伊拉瓦拉地区的一座海滨城市，位于悉尼南方120公里。凯亚马喷水洞是此地吸引游客的主要原因之一。凯亚马所拥有的若干冲浪海滩和房车公园，以及数个露天咖啡厅和餐馆，很受欢迎。靠近悉尼南部使得它吸引了大量单日游和短期游客人。

历史 编辑

 
凯亚马灯塔

Kiama was the site of two strong volcanic flows, called the Gerringong Volcanics, which came out of马鞍山 Saddleback Mountain, now a collapsed volcanic vent. The Kiama Blowhole is part of an erosion process on the more recent rock, formed into columnar basalt, or latite. Before the cedar-getters (comprising ex-convicts, convicts and runaways, some with cedar licences and many without) arrived in the area around 1810, the local Indigenous Australians, Wodi Wodi of the language group Dharawal, had been using the land for thousands of years, moving every six weeks or so in family groups. This is supported by a midden of shells at nearby Bass Point used for more than 17,000 years. During this time the whole coastal hills was covered in rainforest and cedar brush. There is evidence of a flourishing culture with intricate possum cloaks, a developed song and story cycle, and a deep understanding of the many plants of the rainforest. Only a few remnants of rainforest survive along the escarpment in places like the Minnamurra Rainforest Centre.[1] There is strong evidence of recent sea debris showing a mega-tsunami hit this coast around 1487 A.D according to Dr Ted Bryant of Wollongong University.[2] 乔治·巴斯是第一个探索该地的欧洲人，他在1797年12月6日停留此处并发现了凯亚马的喷水洞。

在澳大利亚东部的早期开发过程中，与澳大利亚的大部分地区不同，由于土壤因火山而形成且经雨水冲刷，凯亚马地区由种植小麦的农夫定居。自大约1830至1860年代，早期的詹伯茹成为了人口中心，而当小麦无法继续种植后，农夫们转向了乳酪业。在此期间，凯亚马成为“连锁移民”的绝佳案例：许多北爱尔兰人以清算租约方式受协助移民来此；一百年间，几近半数凯亚马圣公会教堂里举行的婚礼是为北爱尔兰新教徒举行。凯亚马是澳大利亚乳酪工业的发源地之一，拥有澳洲第一间乳酪工厂（凯亚马先驱工厂）和第一家乳酪合作社。此处的三块原始保留地分属托马斯·瑟夫利·肯德尔（已故的传教士牧师托马斯·肯德尔之子），迈克尔·海因德马什和马修·西格纳尔拉，他们的妻子都来自鲁特家。其中的肯德尔家是著名的澳洲诗人亨利·肯德尔的表亲。时至今日，肯德尔的名字由于一些地点，譬如肯德尔海滩和凯亚马高地鬼气森森的肯德尔墓地，而被记住。海因德马什这一姓氏则因凯亚马的主要公园，海因德马什公园，而被人们记住，并且该家族经历十代之后仍住在他们原来的土地上。

Kiama's next population boom was powered by its quarries, which multiplied rapidly in the early years of the 20th century.[3] Many Irish Catholics worked in the Kiama quarries. The basalt formed by two volcanic eruptions 240 million years and 66 million years ago was a valuable commodity for a growing colony, with the blue metal used to pave Sydney's roads and as ballast for its railways. It was very similar to the basalt found in Northern Ireland, where the Giant's Causeway is a famous example. There are still active quarries in the Kiama area, including the N.S.W. Railway Quarry, and the remnants of earlier quarries are easily visible throughout the town and often have facilities built inside them such as the Kiama Leisure Centre. One particular quarry, the Bombo Headland, is of scientific importance as it is the site of the discovery of the longest known geomagnetic polarity interval called the Kiaman Reverse Superchron.[4]

When Kiama Harbour was hollowed out after 17 years' work, and flooded in 1876, larger steamers such as from the Illawarra Steam Navigation Company could enter and a flourishing sea trade followed. Staithes for loading crushed blue metal stone directly into ships from rail trucks were installed along the eastern end of the harbour, allowing regular shipments to be taken to Sydney for the railways and road construction. The Kiama Pilot's Cottage was finished in 1881 and the Kiama Lighthouse in 1887. Kiama really hit its boom time in this period, from 1890 until the Great Depression in 1927, when many of the quarries closed.[來源請求] It was a prosperous and happy time well recorded in the local newspaper, the Kiama Independent and the photographs of the Cocks Photographic Studio, two valuable resources which tell most of the Kiama story.

Over time tourism and housing growth turned Kiama into a dormitory suburb (where people travelled away to work) and summer tourist spot. Kiama in 2009 is a tourism haven in summer, during which its population triples. The Kiama Pilot's Cottage is now a local history museum. Nearby, on Black Beach, is a memorial to the blue metal freighter SS Bombo, which capsized and sank outside Port Kembla harbour in a huge gale after departing Kiama for Sydney on 24 February 1949. Twelve of the fourteen crew were lost.

Heritage listings 编辑

Kiama has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:

  • 24-40 and 42-44 Collins Street: Collins Street wooden terraces, Kiama[5][6]
  • 46 Collins Street: Kiama Masonic Temple[7]
  • Illawarra railway: Kiama railway station[8]
  • Irvine Street: Kiama Reservoirs[9][10]
  • 16-20 Manning Street: CBC Bank Building[11]
  • Shoalhaven Street: Scots Presbyterian Church[12]
  • 24 Terralong Street: Kiama Post Office[13]

Geography 编辑

The Kiama area includes many attractions, being situated on the coast south of the Minnamurra River, and to the west lie the foothills of Saddleback Mountain and the smaller less discernible peak of Mount Brandon. Also to the west is the town of Jamberoo with pasture-land in between, which contains many historic buildings and dry stone walls. Also of note is Seven Mile Beach to the south, a protected reserve. Kiama has several well-known surfing beaches, including Surf Beach, 'Mystics' and Boyds' Beach, as well as other more protected swimming beaches situated in coves between headlands such as Black Beach, Easts Beach and Kendalls Beach. Kiama Harbour forms one of several coves between headlands.

Climate 编辑

Kiama has an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb) with warm summers and mild winters. Though with the warmest month mean being at 21.5°C, which is just below the subtropical isotherm of 22°C, this would make the city a borderline humid subtropical climate (Cfa). Rainfall is spread relatively evenly throughout the year with the wettest months being in autumn and the driest in spring.

人口 编辑

2016年的人口普查显示凯亚马人口为7700。

  • 澳洲土著和托雷斯群岛岛民占人口的1.7%。
  • 77.2% of people were born in Australia. The most common countries of birth were England 6.8% and New Zealand 1.6%.
  • 88.9% of people only spoke English at home.
  • The most common responses for religion were No Religion 28.3%, Catholic 24.5% and Anglican 22.2%.

交通 编辑

The town is served by Kiama railway station, the last electrified station on the South Coast Line; the journey to Sydney takes about 2 hours 15 minutes. By road, Kiama is about 55 minutes from the southern edge of Sydney, and 100 minutes from the city centre, via the Princes Highway.

Attractions 编辑

 
凯亚马镇议会
 
纪念拱门
 
邮局
 
从黑色海滩看向凯亚马港

The beaches around Kiama offer a large range of surfing conditions. Many surfing competitions are held here every year. These include Boyds Beach – Kiama Downs, Bombo Beach – Bombo, Surf Beach – Kiama, Easts Beach and Caravan Park – Kiama Heights, Kendalls Beach – Kiama and Mystics Beach – Minnamurra River.

The name "Kiama" is derived from the Aboriginal word "kiarama", which means "Place where the sea makes a noise". Kiama is also known as the place where the mountains touch the sea.[14] This is in reference to the Kiama Blowhole which attracts a large number of visitors each year. The "Little Blowhole" is a lesser known blowhole as it does not share the same central location or the scale associated with the larger Kiama Blowhole. The Little Blowhole is on a headland south of the central part of Kiama between Easts and Kendalls Beaches.

Both have areas for viewing, though the Kiama Blowhole attracts more tourists. A coastal walking track currently allows people to walk from Minnamurra to Easts Beach, past both blowholes. A 7 kilometre southern extension to this path has been opened to allow people to walk along the cliffs to Gerringong.

A few kilometres north at Bombo is Cathedral Rocks, a formation well known and visited, with a walk/cycleway going along the Kiama coast. There are other rock formations on these cliff headlands of moderate renown.

The Kiama Post Office, one of many historic buildings, is known for its history and pink colour, although it was repainted in 2012. It is situated near Black Beach.

Kiama has a strip mall of cafés, restaurants, art galleries and shops on Terralong Street. Also on this street is a war memorial, an historic fire station used for exhibits, and a small shopping centre. There is a strong arts following and interest in cultural events in Kiama, and in 2013 an arts trail was introduced to showcase the work of individual artists, together with regular arts events in the area. Food and wine trails are also becoming more popular in the area.

Kiama Lighthouse, on Blowhole Point, was built in 1887[15] and is situated close to the Kiama Blowhole. The point also contains a heritage pilot's cottage and a tourist information centre. North West of the Blowhole is Kiama Harbour, home to fishing boats and seafood market where you can buy local fish. The point also contains seaside cabins and a wonderful rock pool.

A locally famous phenomenon is the local group of Australian Pelicans. The pelicans have been honoured with a metal statue at the harbour.

Seven kilometres southwest of the town is Saddleback Lookout atop the 600-metre high Saddleback Mountain with views over the Illawarra Plains and escarpment and south to Nowra, Pigeon House Mountain and Coolangatta Mountain. Saddleback and Noorinan mountains provide an impressive backdrop to the city.

The Jamberoo Action Park, a mainly ride-orientated water-themed park, is situated 10 minutes inland of Kiama in the small town of Jamberoo.

West of Kiama in the green hills lies Jerrara Dam, built in the 1800s to supply water to the area. It is now a reserve.

North of the Minnamurra River is Killalea Recreation Area, a nature reserve on Bass Point. It is south of Shellharbour.

Kiama Council spent eleven years preparing the construction of the Kiama Coast Walk, a six-kilometre track extending from Loves Bay, north of Kiama, to Werri Lagoon, near Gerringong, south of Kiama. Some coastal land was declared public reserve to allow the public to walk through what was previously private property. The track was scheduled to open in October 2009 and was expected to be a popular drawcard for the public.[16]

教育 编辑

Kiama is home to several schools, including Kiama High School, Kiama Public School and Ss Peter and Paul Catholic School. Two vocational education and training (VET) providers also have their headquarters in Kiama, the Kiama Community College and National Training Masters. The local TAFE NSW College is located at Shellharbour.

Gallery 编辑

  •  
    Cathedral Rock, Kiama, circa 1900
  •  
    Kiama harbour
  •  
    Kiama harbour
  •  
    Kiama post office

Notable people 编辑

  • Peter Knott (born 8 August 1956) represented Gilmore from 1993 to 1996 for the Australian Labor Party (ALP).
  • Matt Brown (born 1972), member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly for Kiama[17]
  • Charmian Clift (1923–1969), writer and essayist[18]
  • Sir George Fuller (1861–1940), Premier of New South Wales[19]
  • Orry George Kelly (1897–1964), Academy Award-winning dress designer[20]
  • Robbie Maddison (born 1981), freestyle motocross rider[來源請求]
  • Josh Morris and Brett Morris, professional rugby league players
  • Alfred Percival (Perce) Bullen[21] (1896–1974), circus proprietor
  • Charles Edward Devenish Meares[22] (1861–1940), dairy industry organiser
  • Frederick Phillimore Howell-Price[23] (1888–1978) soldier
  • Joseph Carruthers, Premier of NSW, born in Kiama 1857

References 编辑

  1. ^ Budderoo National Park. [12 July 2009]. （原始内容存档于20 October 2009）. 
  2. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20090321051744/http://www.uow.edu.au/science/eesc/research/UOW002909.html. [12 July 2009]. （原始内容存档于21 March 2009）.  缺少或|title=为空 (帮助)Missing or empty |title= (help)
  3. ^ Dunn, Elaine M. Kiama: Its region and community 1901 to 1938. ro.uow.edu.au. University of Wollongong. [5 February 2017]. 
  4. ^ Cottrell, Rory D.; Tarduno, John A; Roberts, John. The Kiaman Reversed Polarity Superchron at Kiama: Toward a field strength estimate based on single silicate crystals. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors. 2008, 169: 49–58. Bibcode:2008PEPI..169...49C. doi:10.1016/j.pepi.2008.07.041. 
  5. ^ Wooden Terraces. New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. [18 May 2018]. H00472.    Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under CC-BY 4.0 licence.
  6. ^ Wooden Terraces. New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. [18 May 2018]. H00473.    Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under CC-BY 4.0 licence.
  7. ^ Masonic Temple. New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. [18 May 2018]. H00474.    Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under CC-BY 4.0 licence.
  8. ^ Kiama Railway Station Group and Turntable. New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. [18 May 2018]. H01176.    Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under CC-BY 4.0 licence.
  9. ^ Kiama Reservoir (WS 0231). New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. [18 May 2018]. H01626.    Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under CC-BY 4.0 licence.
  10. ^ Kiama Reservoir (WS 0232). New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. [18 May 2018]. H01627.    Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under CC-BY 4.0 licence.
  11. ^ CBC Bank (former). New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. [18 May 2018]. H00143.    Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under CC-BY 4.0 licence.
  12. ^ Scots Presbyterian Church, Land and Trees. New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. [18 May 2018]. H00120.    Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under CC-BY 4.0 licence.
  13. ^ Kiama Post Office. New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. [18 May 2018]. H01426.    Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under CC-BY 4.0 licence.
  14. ^ Kiama Ramps additional access ramps Apx E – Visual assessment and urban design strategy
  15. ^ Template:Cite loa
  16. ^ Daily Telegraph, 4 September 2009, p.30
  17. ^ Mr (Matt) Matthew James Brown. Members of Parliament. Parliament of New South Wales. [12 February 2010]. （原始内容存档于29 March 2010）. 
  18. ^ Wheatley, N. The Life and Myth of Charmian Clift. Sydney: Flamingo (Harper Collins). 2001. 
  19. ^ Sir George Warburton Fuller (1861–1940). Members of Parliament. Parliament of New South Wales. [8 February 2010]. 
  20. ^ Kelly, Orry George biography at the Australian Dictionary of Biography
  21. ^ Australian Dictionary of Biography. 
  22. ^ Australian Dictionary of Biography. 
  23. ^ Australian Dictionary of Biography. 

外部链接 编辑

[[Category:新南威尔士州城镇]]

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