User:Father vice/test3
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Formosus
| Formosus | |
|---|---|
 | |
| 就任 | October 6 891 |
| 卸任 | April 4, 896 |
| 前任 | Stephen V |
| 繼任 | Boniface VI |
| 個人資料 | |
| 本名 | ??? |
| 出生 | ca. 816 Ostia, Italy |
| 逝世 | April 4, 896 Rome, Italy |
褔慕（Formosus，約816年—896年），或譯福爾摩賽或福爾摩蘇斯，生於意大利奧斯提亞（Ostia），是羅馬天主教由891年至896年的教宗。他短暫的任期可謂多災多難，甚至到了他死後，他的屍骨竟然被後來的教宗德範七世（或譯司提反七世）重新起出並穿回教宗原本的衣飾來接受一場臭名遠播的審判（是次審判英文稱之為en:Cadaver Synod或Cadaver Trial ，拉丁文的名字則為Synodus Horrenda），審判後褔慕的指骨更被砍下，屍骨被投於河中。
生平 编辑
褔慕於864年成為義大利波爾都斯的樞機主教。他先後於866年前往保加利亞、869年及872年前往法國執行政治任務，他更成功說服禿頭查理去接受教宗的加冕而登基為法國國王。
他於872年成為教宗候選人。但由於一些政治問題，褔慕於同年離開了當年為若望八世所管治的羅馬和教廷。若望八世於是召開了教務會議，並命令褔慕叔回教區，否則會因「欲同時擁有教廷及保加利亞教省之位」、「違反皇帝命令」及「未經教宗準許離開教區」、「私掠羅馬的修道院財物」、「在禁令實施下依然履行聖職」、以及「串通不正當人士破壞教廷」而被施以絕罰。次後，褔慕由於以上的眾多指控而於872年7月被正式定罪。到了878年，在褔慕應承終身不會回到羅馬以及不會再履行聖職後，他的絕罰令就此被收回。
若望八世的繼任人馬林一世卻於883年召褔慕回到波爾都斯的城郊教區。在經過馬林一世、聖亞德三世（任期為884年至885年）及德範六世（任期為885年至891年）三位教宗的任期之後，褔慕於891年10月6日被選為教宗。
Formosus was forced to crown Duke Guido II of Spoleto Roman Emperor in April 892. Other immediate issues were that in Constantinople, the Patriarch Photius had been ejected and Stephen, the son of Emperor Basil I, had taken the office. There was a quarrel between the Archbishops of Cologne and Hamburg concerning the Bishopric of Bremen. In the contest between Odo, Count of Paris and Charles the Simple for the French crown, the pope sided with Charles.
Formosus persuaded Arnulf of Carinthia to advance to Rome and liberate Italy. In 894, Arnulf subjugated all the country north of the Po River. Guido died in December leaving his son Lambert in the care of his mother Agiltrude, an opponent of the Carolingians. In the autumn of 895, Arnulf undertook his second Italian campaign, and in 896 he was crowned by the pope in Rome. The new emperor moved against Spoleto but was struck with paralysis on the way and was unable to continue the campaign.
On April 4, 896, Formosus died. He was succeeded by Pope Boniface VI.
Posthumous trial 编辑
Pope Stephen VI, the successor of Boniface, influenced by Lambert and Agiltrude, sat in judgment of Formosus in 897, in what was called the Cadaver Synod. The corpse was disinterred, clad in papal vestments and seated on a throne to face all the charges from John VIII. The verdict was that the deceased had been unworthy of the pontificate. All his measures and acts were annulled, and the orders conferred by him were declared invalid. The papal vestments were torn from his body, the three fingers from his right hand which the pope had used in consecrations were cut off and the corpse was then thrown into the Tiber (and later retrieved by a monk).
Following the death of Stephen VI, the body was reinterred in St. Peter's. Further trials of this nature against deceased persons were banned. But Pope Sergius III (904–911) reapproved the decisions against Formosus. Sergius demanded the re-ordination of the bishops consecrated by Formosus, who in turn had meanwhile conferred orders on many other clerics, causing great confusion. Later the validity of Formosus's work was re-reinstated. The decision of Sergius has been subsequently disregarded by the Church.
| 天主教會職銜 | ||
|---|---|---|
| 前任者： 德範六世 |
罗马主教 教宗 891-896 |
繼任者： 博義六世 |