Lasiodiplodia theobromae

Lasiodiplodia theobromae
	; Lasiodiplodia theobromae 在木瓜病部上產生孢子
科學分類
界：	真菌界;
門：	子囊菌門;
綱：	座囊菌綱;
目：	座囊菌目Botryosphaeriales;
科：	Botryosphaeriaceae;
屬：	Lasiodiplodia;
種：	L. theobromae;
二名法
	Lasiodiplodia theobromae; (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl.
異名
	Botryodiplodia ananassae ; Botryodiplodia elasticae ; Botryodiplodia theobromae ; Botryodiplodia tubericola ; Botryosphaeria rhodina (Berk.（英语：Miles Joseph Berkeley） and Curtis) Arx; Chaetodiplodia grisea ; Diplodia ananassae ; Diplodia gossypina Cooke（英语：Mordecai Cubitt Cooke）; Diplodia theobromae ; Diplodia tubericola ; Lasiodiplodia nigra ; Lasiodiplodia triflorae ; Lasiodiplodia tubericola ; Lasiodiplodiella triflorae ; Macrophoma vestita

Lasiodiplodia theobromae 是一種植物病原，宿主範圍非常廣泛。它會導致感染的大多數物種腐爛和枝枯。這是柑橘常見的採收後真菌病害，稱為莖端腐病。它是引起葡萄潰瘍病的病原^[2]。它也感染蘇木（Biancaea sappan），一種開花樹種。

在極少數情況下，它被發現會引起真菌性角膜炎^[3]、指甲和皮下組織上的病變^[4]。

它與南部非洲猴麵包樹的廣泛死亡率有關。一項初步研究發現其死亡原因複雜，需要進行詳細研究^[5]。

寄主與病徵

L. theobromae 在熱帶和亞熱帶地區的各種不同寄主中引起諸如頂芽枯死、枯萎病和根腐、蒂腐、果腐等疾病^[6]^[7]。寄主植物如番石榴、椰子、木瓜和葡萄等^[7]。葡萄座腔菌屬（Botryosphaeria）造成之頂芽枝枯，以前稱為葡萄潰瘍病，其症狀特色在造成葡萄系統性病害。這些症狀會影響植物的不同部位，透過觀察這些病徵可以用來診斷其感染病源。其病徵包含自傷口侵入的潰瘍，當以橫斷面切除頂芽枯死時引起楔形損害。頂芽枝枯的特點是"dead arm"，與缺少刺激位置。其他症狀包括春季枝條發育不良、延遲芽點生長或使芽壞死、枝條白化等。芽壞死、芽衰竭、以及頂芽枯死皆為寄主植物維管束系統壞死的結果^[8]。

它也會影響榴槤屬的果實如Durio graveolens（英语：Durio graveolens）^[9]。

病害史

此真菌在患病的木材外以分生孢子器過冬。分生孢子器產生並釋放出暗褐色雙細胞形式有條紋的分生孢子，透過風與雨水傳播到其他藤本植物上，再從得病的藤本植物繼續傳播給其他健康的植株。當分生孢子落在新的傷口或損壞的木材上時，就會開始發展病害。分生孢子造成木材組織增生並開始損害維管束系統。一開始在最初的感染點周圍形成潰瘍，最後在完全地損害維管束系統下導致木材壞死和枯死。在某些情況下，假囊殼在潰瘍外形成，並產生子囊孢子，其像分生孢子一樣散播並感染周圍的傷口^[10]。

管理

有許多不同的方法可以用來管理藤本植物園中的枯萎病。可通過打破疾病週期來防止進一步感染，或者在初次感染後修復植物。在除去感染源時，須採取良好的衛生措施，以防止園中其他部分進一步感染，並避免交叉污染^[11]。下表為可用於預防和康復的策略：

目的	策略	方法
預防	栽培途徑	避免於潮濕天氣時修剪（下雨過後大約2小時會釋放葡萄座腔菌科真菌的孢子）盡量減少修剪傷口的數量和大小應以一定的角度進行切割，使水從木材表面排出應在當季早期進行修剪，因為此時孢子產量較低或較晚，傷口較不易感染且癒合較快
預防	化學途徑修剪傷口的保護是預防藤本植物軀幹疾病最有效和最經濟的方式。	修剪傷口的保護：修剪後儘快將大量的殺菌劑、油漆、糊劑或生物防治劑直接施用於切口 Vinevax™（生物防治劑）和Greenseal™是唯一在澳大利亞註冊用於修剪傷口保護的兩種產品（兩種產品均已註冊為用於控制彎孢殼屬（eutypa）真菌引起的枝枯）
處理	去除感染木材	去除死亡的木頭以及其10厘米的健康組織廣泛重修感染的冠或樹幹從植物園中除去所有感染的木材重新製作新的警戒線用樹枝替換樹幹

參考文獻

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 Lasiodiplodia theobromae. NCBI taxonomy. Bethesda, MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information. [1 December 2017] （English）. Lineage( full ) cellular organisms; Eukaryota; Opisthokonta; Fungi; Dikarya; Ascomycota; saccharomyceta; Pezizomycotina; leotiomyceta; dothideomyceta; Dothideomycetes; Dothideomycetes incertae sedis; Botryosphaeriales; Botryosphaeriaceae; Lasiodiplodia
^ Úrbez-Torres, J. R.; Leavitt, G. M.; Guerrero, J. C.; Guevara, J.; Gubler, W. D. Identification and Pathogenicity of Lasiodiplodia theobromae and Diplodia seriata, the Causal Agents of Bot Canker Disease of Grapevines in Mexico. Plant Disease. 2008-04, 92 (4): 519–529. ISSN 0191-2917. doi:10.1094/pdis-92-4-0519.
^ Mycology Online - Lasiodiplodia theobromae. 2008-10-07.
^ Summerbell, Richard C.; Krajden, S.; Levine, R.; Fuksa, M. Subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis caused by Lasiodiplodia theobromae and successfully treated surgically. Medical Mycology. 2004-12-01, 42 (6): 543–547. ISSN 1369-3786. PMID 15682643. doi:10.1080/13693780400005916 （英语）.
^ BAOBAB MORTALITY IN MESSINA NATURE RESERVE (PDF).
^ Sreerama Kumar, P.; Singh, Leena. Lasiodiplodia theobromae is a Mycoparasite of a Powdery Mildew Pathogen. Mycobiology. 2009-12, 37 (4): 308–309. ISSN 1229-8093. PMC 3749424  . PMID 23983554. doi:10.4489/MYCO.2009.37.4.308.
^ ^7.0 ^7.1 Tovar Pedraza, J. M., Mora Aguilera, J. A., Nava Díaz, C., Téliz Ortiz, D., Villegas Monter, Á., & Leyva Mir, S. G. CONTROL OF Lasiodiplodia theobromae, THE CAUSAL AGENT OF DIEBACK OF SAPOTE MAMEY [Pouteria sapota (Jacq.) H. E. Moore and Stearn] GRAFTS IN MÉXICO (PDF). Revista fitotecnia mexicana.
^ Rodríguez-Gálvez, E.; Maldonado, E.; Alves, A. Identification and pathogenicity of Lasiodiplodia theobromae causing dieback of table grapes in Peru. European Journal of Plant Pathology. 2014-10-23, 141 (3): 477–489. ISSN 0929-1873. doi:10.1007/s10658-014-0557-8 （英语）.
^ Sivapalan, A.; Metussin, Rosidah; Hamdan, Fuziah; Zain, Rokiah Mohd. Fungi associated with postharvest fruit rots of Durio graveolens and D. kutejensis in Brunei Darussalam. Australasian Plant Pathology. 1998, 27 (4): 274. ISSN 0815-3191. doi:10.1071/ap98033 （英语）.
^ "Botryosphaeria Dieback: Identification and Management" (PDF).
^ MUHAMMAD ALI KHANZADA,, A. MUBEEN LODHI. "CHEMICAL CONTROL OF LASIODIPLODIA THEOBROMAE, THE CAUSAL AGENT OF MANGO DECLINE IN SINDH" (PDF). 2005.

[NCBI-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Lasiodiplodia theobromae. NCBI taxonomy. Bethesda, MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information. [1 December 2017] （English）. Lineage( full ) cellular organisms; Eukaryota; Opisthokonta; Fungi; Dikarya; Ascomycota; saccharomyceta; Pezizomycotina; leotiomyceta; dothideomyceta; Dothideomycetes; Dothideomycetes incertae sedis; Botryosphaeriales; Botryosphaeriaceae; Lasiodiplodia

[:0-2] Úrbez-Torres, J. R.; Leavitt, G. M.; Guerrero, J. C.; Guevara, J.; Gubler, W. D. Identification and Pathogenicity of Lasiodiplodia theobromae and Diplodia seriata, the Causal Agents of Bot Canker Disease of Grapevines in Mexico. Plant Disease. 2008-04, 92 (4): 519–529. ISSN 0191-2917. doi:10.1094/pdis-92-4-0519.

[3] Mycology Online - Lasiodiplodia theobromae. 2008-10-07.

[4] Summerbell, Richard C.; Krajden, S.; Levine, R.; Fuksa, M. Subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis caused by Lasiodiplodia theobromae and successfully treated surgically. Medical Mycology. 2004-12-01, 42 (6): 543–547. ISSN 1369-3786. PMID 15682643. doi:10.1080/13693780400005916 （英语）.

[5] BAOBAB MORTALITY IN MESSINA NATURE RESERVE (PDF).

[6] Sreerama Kumar, P.; Singh, Leena. Lasiodiplodia theobromae is a Mycoparasite of a Powdery Mildew Pathogen. Mycobiology. 2009-12, 37 (4): 308–309. ISSN 1229-8093. PMC 3749424  . PMID 23983554. doi:10.4489/MYCO.2009.37.4.308.

[:1-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Tovar Pedraza, J. M., Mora Aguilera, J. A., Nava Díaz, C., Téliz Ortiz, D., Villegas Monter, Á., & Leyva Mir, S. G. CONTROL OF Lasiodiplodia theobromae, THE CAUSAL AGENT OF DIEBACK OF SAPOTE MAMEY [Pouteria sapota (Jacq.) H. E. Moore and Stearn] GRAFTS IN MÉXICO (PDF). Revista fitotecnia mexicana.

[8] Rodríguez-Gálvez, E.; Maldonado, E.; Alves, A. Identification and pathogenicity of Lasiodiplodia theobromae causing dieback of table grapes in Peru. European Journal of Plant Pathology. 2014-10-23, 141 (3): 477–489. ISSN 0929-1873. doi:10.1007/s10658-014-0557-8 （英语）.

[9] Sivapalan, A.; Metussin, Rosidah; Hamdan, Fuziah; Zain, Rokiah Mohd. Fungi associated with postharvest fruit rots of Durio graveolens and D. kutejensis in Brunei Darussalam. Australasian Plant Pathology. 1998, 27 (4): 274. ISSN 0815-3191. doi:10.1071/ap98033 （英语）.

[10] "Botryosphaeria Dieback: Identification and Management" (PDF).

[11] MUHAMMAD ALI KHANZADA,, A. MUBEEN LODHI. "CHEMICAL CONTROL OF LASIODIPLODIA THEOBROMAE, THE CAUSAL AGENT OF MANGO DECLINE IN SINDH" (PDF). 2005.

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