File:Mauna Loa CO2 monthly mean concentration.svg

原始檔案(SVG 檔案,表面大小:708 × 708 像素,檔案大小:434 KB)


摘要

描述
English: This figure shows the history of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations as directly measured at Mauna Loa, Hawaii since 1958. This curve is known as the Keeling curve, and is an essential piece of evidence of the man-made increases in greenhouse gases that are believed to be the cause of global warming. The longest such record exists at Mauna Loa, but these measurements have been independently confirmed at many other sites around the world [1].

The annual fluctuation in carbon dioxide is caused by seasonal variations in carbon dioxide uptake by land plants. Since many more forests are concentrated in the Northern Hemisphere, more carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere during Northern Hemisphere summer than Southern Hemisphere summer. This annual cycle is shown in the inset figure by taking the average concentration for each month across all measured years.

The red curve shows the average monthly concentrations, and blue curve is a smoothed trend.
The carbon dioxide data is measured as the mole fraction in dry air. This dataset constitutes the longest record of direct measurements of CO2 in the atmosphere (regularly updated).
日期
來源 自己的作品. Data from Dr. Pieter Tans, NOAA/ESRL and Dr. Ralph Keeling, Scripps Institution of Oceanography.
作者 Oeneis
其他版本

[編輯]


Keeling curve

English: Plots of the Keeling curve produced with R in SVG for several languages.
Français : Graphiques multi-langues de la Courbe de Keeling réalisés avec R en SVG.

Create this plot

 
向量圖形使用R創作。

R code

# Mauna Loa atmospheric CO2 change
# multi language plot for Wikipedia
# using different possible sources (Scripps if NOAA is not available)
# 
# Used for https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mauna_Loa_CO2_monthly_mean_concentration.svg
# and related files in other languages. See all files in :
# https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Template:Other_versions/Mauna_Loa_CO2_monthly_mean_concentration
# 
# Update this script on :
# https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Other_versions/Mauna_Loa_CO2_monthly_mean_concentration.R&action=edit

# Required packages.   used for :
library(readr)         # reading data
library(dplyr)         # data processing
library(ggplot2)       # plot
library(gridExtra)     # plot positionning
library(scales)        # pretty breaks on plot axis
library(lubridate)     # date processing
library(httr)          # check url
library(Hmisc)         # ci from bootstrap

# install all locales beforehand, e.g. :
# sudo locale-gen ca_ES.UTF-8

old_locale <- Sys.getlocale("LC_TIME")

# Translations ------------------------------------------------------------

language <- list(
  
  ca_ES = list(
    locale_lc_time = "ca_ES.UTF-8",
    title = bquote("Mitjana mensual de la concentratió de"~CO[2]),
    subtitle = "Mauna Loa",
    caption_scripps = paste("dades : R. F. Keeling, S. J. Walker, S. C. Piper and A. F. Bollenbacher\nScripps CO2 Program (https://scrippsco2.ucsd.edu/). Visitada", Sys.Date()),
    caption_noaa = paste("dades : Dr. Pieter Tans, NOAA/ESRL (https://gml.noaa.gov/ccgg/trends/) i\n Dr. Ralph Keeling, Scripps Institution of Oceanography (https://scrippsco2.ucsd.edu/). Visitada ", Sys.Date()),
    x = "any",
    y = bquote("fracció de"~CO[2]~"en aire sec ("*mu*"mol/mol)"),
    x2 = "mes",
    y2 = bquote(atop("fracció de"~CO[2]~"en aire sec ("*mu*"mol/mol)",
                     "desviació de la mitjana anual")),
    title2 = "Variació mensual"
  ),
  
  cs_CZ = list(
    locale_lc_time = "cs_CZ.UTF-8",
    title = "Průměrné měsíční koncentrace oxidu uhličitého",
    subtitle = "Mauna Loa",
    caption_scripps = paste("data : R. F. Keeling, S. J. Walker, S. C. Piper a A. F. Bollenbacher\nScripps CO2 Program (https://scrippsco2.ucsd.edu/). Přístupné", Sys.Date()),
    caption_noaa = paste("data : Dr. Pieter Tans, NOAA/ESRL (https://gml.noaa.gov/ccgg/trends/) a\nDr. Ralph Keeling, Scripps Institution of Oceanography (https://scrippsco2.ucsd.edu/). Přístupné", Sys.Date()),
    x = "rok",
    y = bquote("koncentrace"~CO[2]~"v suchém vzduchu ("*mu*"mol/mol)"),
    x2 = "měsíc",
    y2 = bquote(atop("koncentrace"~CO[2]~"v suchém vzduchu ("*mu*"mol/mol)", "odchylka od ročního průměru")),
    title2 = "Měsíční změna (průměrná roční odchylka)"
  ),
  
  de_DE = list(
    locale_lc_time = "de_DE.UTF-8",
    title = bquote("Monatliche durchschnittliche"~CO[2]*"-Konzentration"),
    subtitle = "Mauna Loa",
    caption_scripps = paste("Datei : R. F. Keeling, S. J. Walker, S. C. Piper und A. F. Bollenbacher\nScripps CO2 Program (https://scrippsco2.ucsd.edu/). Zugänglich am", Sys.Date()),
    caption_noaa = paste("Datei : Dr. Pieter Tans, NOAA/ESRL (https://gml.noaa.gov/ccgg/trends/) und\nDr. Ralph Keeling, Scripps Institution of Oceanography (https://scrippsco2.ucsd.edu/). Zugänglich am", Sys.Date()),
    x = "Jahr",
    y = bquote(CO[2]*"-Anteil in trockener Luft ("*mu*"mol/mol)"),
    x2 = "Monate",
    y2 = bquote(atop(CO[2]*"-Anteil in trockener Luft ("*mu*"mol/mol)", "Abweichung vom Jahresmittel")),
    title2 = "Monatliche Variation"
  ),  
  
  en_US = list(
    locale_lc_time = "en_US.UTF-8",
    title = bquote("Monthly mean"~CO[2]~"concentration"),
    subtitle = "Mauna Loa",
    caption_scripps = paste("Data : R. F. Keeling, S. J. Walker, S. C. Piper and A. F. Bollenbacher\nScripps CO2 Program (https://scrippsco2.ucsd.edu/). Accessed", Sys.Date()),
    caption_noaa = paste("Data : Dr. Pieter Tans, NOAA/ESRL (https://gml.noaa.gov/ccgg/trends/) and\n Dr. Ralph Keeling, Scripps Institution of Oceanography (https://scrippsco2.ucsd.edu/). Accessed ", Sys.Date()),
    x = "Year",
    y = bquote(CO[2]~"fraction in dry air ("*mu*"mol/mol)"),
    x2 = "Month",
    y2 = bquote(atop(CO[2]~"fraction in dry air ("*mu*"mol/mol)", "Departure from yearly average")),
    title2 = "Seasonal variation"
  ),
  
  es_ES = list(
    locale_lc_time = "es_ES.UTF-8",
    title = bquote("Media mensual de la concentración de"~CO[2]),
    subtitle = "Mauna Loa",
    caption_scripps = paste("dato : R. F. Keeling, S. J. Walker, S. C. Piper y A. F. Bollenbacher\nScripps CO2 Program (https://scrippsco2.ucsd.edu/). Visitada", Sys.Date()),
    caption_noaa = paste("dato : Dr. Pieter Tans, NOAA/ESRL (https://gml.noaa.gov/ccgg/trends/) y\nDr. Ralph Keeling, Scripps Institution of Oceanography (https://scrippsco2.ucsd.edu/). Visitada", Sys.Date()),
    x = "Año",
    y = bquote("Fraccion de"~CO[2]~"en aire secco ("*mu*"mol/mol)"),
    x2 = "Mes",
    y2 = bquote(atop("Fraccion de"~CO[2]~"en aire secco ("*mu*"mol/mol)", "Desviación de la media anual")),
    title2 = "Variación mensual"
  ),  
  
  fr_FR = list(
    locale_lc_time = "fr_FR.UTF-8",
    title = bquote("Moyenne mensuelle de la concentration de"~CO[2]),
    subtitle = "Mauna Loa",
    caption_scripps = paste("données : R. F. Keeling, S. J. Walker, S. C. Piper et A. F. Bollenbacher\nScripps CO2 Program (https://scrippsco2.ucsd.edu/). Accédé le", Sys.Date()),
    caption_noaa = paste("données : Dr Pieter Tans, NOAA/ESRL (https://gml.noaa.gov/ccgg/trends/) et\n Dr. Ralph Keeling, Scripps Institution of Oceanography (https://scrippsco2.ucsd.edu/). Accédé le", Sys.Date()),
    x = "année",
    y = bquote("fraction de"~CO[2]~"dans l'air sec ("*mu*"mol/mol)"),
    x2 = "mois",
    y2 = bquote(atop("fraction de"~CO[2]~"dans l'air sec ("*mu*"mol/mol)", "en écart à la moyenne annuelle")),
    title2 = "Variation saisonnière"
  ),

    nl_NL = list(
    locale_lc_time = "nl_NL.UTF-8",
    title = bquote("Maandelijkse gemiddelde"~CO[2]*"-concentratie"),
    subtitle = "Mauna Loa",
    caption_scripps = glue("Gegevens : R. F. Keeling, S. J. Walker, S. C. Piper en A. F. Bollenbacher\nScripps CO2 Program (https://scrippsco2.ucsd.edu/). Geopend {Sys.Date()}"),
    caption_noaa = glue("Gegevens : Dr. Pieter Tans, NOAA/ESRL (https://gml.noaa.gov/ccgg/trends/) en\n Dr. Ralph Keeling, Scripps Institution of Oceanography (https://scrippsco2.ucsd.edu/). Accessed  {Sys.Date()}"),
    x = "Jaar",
    y = bquote(CO[2]*"-fractie in droge lucht ("*mu*"mol/mol)"),
    x2 = "Mannd",
    y2 = bquote(atop(CO[2]*"-fractie in droge lucht ("*mu*"mol/mol)", "Afwijking van jaargemiddelde")),
    title2 = "Seizoensgebonden variatie"
  ),

  nn_NO = list(
    locale_lc_time = "nn_NO.UTF-8",
    title = bquote("Gjennomsnittlig månedlig"~CO[2]*"-konsentrasjon"),
    subtitle = "Mauna Loa",
    caption_scripps = paste("data : R. F. Keeling, S. J. Walker, S. C. Piper og A. F. Bollenbacher\nScripps CO2 Program (https://scrippsco2.ucsd.edu/). Vist", Sys.Date()),
    caption_noaa = paste("data : Dr. Pieter Tans, NOAA/ESRL (https://gml.noaa.gov/ccgg/trends/) og\nDr. Ralph Keeling, Scripps Institution of Oceanography (https://scrippsco2.ucsd.edu/). Vist", Sys.Date()),
    x = "År",
    y = bquote(CO[2]*"-andel i tørr luft ("*mu*"mol/mol)"),
    x2 = "Måned",
    y2 = bquote(atop(CO[2]*"-andel i tørr luft ("*mu*"mol/mol)",
                     "Avvik fra årlig gjennomsnitt")),
    title2 = "Årlig variasjon"
  ),
  
  pl_PL = list(
    locale_lc_time = "pl_PL.UTF-8",
    title = bquote("Średnie miesięczne stężenie"~CO[2]),
    subtitle = "Mauna Loa",
    caption_scripps = paste("Dane : R. F. Keeling, S. J. Walker, S. C. Piper i A. F. Bollenbacher\nScripps CO2 Program (https://scrippsco2.ucsd.edu/). Dostęp na", Sys.Date()),
    caption_noaa = paste("Dane : Dr. Pieter Tans, NOAA/ESRL (https://gml.noaa.gov/ccgg/trends/) i\nDr. Ralph Keeling, Scripps Institution of Oceanography (https://scrippsco2.ucsd.edu/). Dostęp na", Sys.Date()),
    x = "Rok",
    y = bquote("Frakcja"~CO[2]~"w suchym powietrzu ("*mu*"mol/mol)"),
    x2 = "Miesiąc",
    y2 = bquote(atop("Frakcja"~CO[2]~"w suchym powietrzu ("*mu*"mol/mol)", "Odejście od średniej rocznej")),
    title2 = "Wahania sezonowe"
  ),

  ro_RO = list(
    locale_lc_time = "ro_RO.UTF-8",
    title = bquote("Concentrația medie lunară de"~CO[2]),
    subtitle = "Mauna Loa, Hawaii",
    caption_scripps = paste("Date: R. F. Keeling, S. J. Walker, S. C. Piper și A. F. Bollenbacher\nScripps CO2 Program (https://scrippsco2.ucsd.edu/). Accesat în", Sys.Date()),
    caption_noaa = paste("Date : Dr. Pieter Tans, NOAA/ESRL (https://gml.noaa.gov/ccgg/trends/) și\n Dr. Ralph Keeling, Scripps Institution of Oceanography (https://scrippsco2.ucsd.edu/). Accesat în", Sys.Date()),
    x = "An",
    y = bquote("Ponderea"~CO[2]~"în aer uscat ("*mu*"mol/mol)"),
    x2 = "Lună",
    y2 = bquote(atop("Abaterea cotei"~CO[2]~"în aer uscat ("*mu*"mol/mol)", "Abatere de la media anuală")),
    title2 = "Variație sezonieră"
  ),

  ru_RU = list(
    locale_lc_time = "ru_RU.UTF-8",
    title = bquote("Среднемесячная и среднегодовая концентрации"~CO[2]),
    subtitle = "Мауна Лоа, Гаваи",
    caption_scripps = paste("данные : R. F. Keeling, S. J. Walker, S. C. Piper и A. F. Bollenbacher\nScripps CO2 Program (https://scrippsco2.ucsd.edu/). доступ на", Sys.Date()),
    caption_noaa = paste("данные : Dr. Pieter Tans, NOAA/ESRL (https://gml.noaa.gov/ccgg/trends/) и\nDr. Ralph Keeling, Scripps Institution of Oceanography (https://scrippsco2.ucsd.edu/). доступ на ", Sys.Date()),
    x = "Годы",
    y = bquote("Доля"~CO[2]~"в сухом воздухе ("*mu*"mol/mol)"),
    x2 = "Месяцы",
    y2 = bquote(atop("Отклонение доли"~CO[2]~"в сухом воздухе", "от среднегодового значения, мкмоль/моль")),
    title2 = "Сезонные колебания"
  )
  
)


# Data --------------------------------------------------------------------

# First try NOAA data, if not availble use Scripps data
if (!http_error("ftp://aftp.cmdl.noaa.gov/products/trends/co2/co2_mm_mlo.txt")) {
  # https://gml.noaa.gov/ccgg/trends/data.html
  source <- "noaa"
  co2ml <- read_table(
    "ftp://aftp.cmdl.noaa.gov/products/trends/co2/co2_mm_mlo.txt",
    col_names = c("year", "month", "decimal", "average", "deseason", "ndays", "stddays", "unc"),
    col_types = "iidddidd",
    na = c("-99.99", "-1"),
    comment = "#") %>% 
    group_by(year) %>% 
    mutate(year_mean = mean(average, na.rm = TRUE),
           delta = average - year_mean,
           vdate = ymd(paste0("2015-", month, "-01")))%>% 
    rename(co2 = average)
  
} else {
  # https://scrippsco2.ucsd.edu/data/atmospheric_co2/primary_mlo_co2_record
  # used during US gov shutdown
  source <- "scripps"
  co2ml <- read_csv(
    "https://scrippsco2.ucsd.edu/assets/data/atmospheric/stations/in_situ_co2/monthly/monthly_in_situ_co2_mlo.csv",
    col_names = c("year", "month", "xls_date", "decimal",
                  "co2_raw", "co2_raw_seas_adj", "fit", "fit_seas_adj",
                  "co2_filled", "co2_filled_seas_adj"),
    col_types = "iiiddddddd",
    skip = 57,
    na = "-99.99",
    comment = "\"") %>% 
    group_by(year) %>% 
    mutate(year_mean = mean(co2_filled, na.rm = TRUE),
           delta = co2_filled - year_mean,
           vdate = ymd(paste0("2015-", month, "-01"))) %>% 
    rename(co2 = co2_filled)
}


# Generate the plot for each language -------------------------------------

for (l in names(language)) {
  message(l)
  current <- language[[l]]
  
  # format the date in local names
  Sys.setlocale("LC_TIME", current$locale_lc_time)
  
  # main plot
  p1 <- ggplot(co2ml, aes(decimal, co2)) + 	
    geom_line(color = "pink") +
    geom_point(color = "red", size = 0.6) +
    stat_smooth(span = 0.1) +
    scale_x_continuous(breaks = pretty_breaks()) +
    scale_y_continuous(breaks = pretty_breaks()) +
    labs(x = current$x,
         y = current$y,
         title = current$title,
         subtitle = paste(current$subtitle, min(co2ml$year), "-", max(co2ml$year)),
         caption = paste(current[[paste0("caption_", source)]],
                         "https://w.wiki/4ZWn", sep = "\n")) +
    theme_bw() +
    theme(plot.caption = element_text(size = 7))
  
  # inset plot
  p2 <- ggplot(co2ml, aes(vdate, delta)) +
    geom_hline(yintercept = 0) +
    stat_smooth(span = 0.4, se = FALSE) +
    stat_summary(fun.data = "mean_cl_boot", colour = "red", size = 0.3) + 
    scale_x_date(breaks = pretty_breaks(4), 
                 minor_breaks = pretty_breaks(12), 
                 labels = date_format("%b")) +
    labs(x = current$x2,
         y = current$y2,
         title = current$title2) +
    theme_bw()
  
  # merge the plots and export in SVG
  p1 + annotation_custom(grob = ggplotGrob(p2),
                         xmin = 1957, xmax = 1991, ymin = 361, ymax = 420)
  
  ggsave(file = paste("co2_mauna_loa", l, Sys.Date(), "wp.svg", sep = "_"), 
         width = 20, 
         height = 20, 
         units = "cm", 
         device = svg)
}

# return to former locale
Sys.setlocale("LC_TIME", old_locale)



目標地點19° 32′ 10.31″ 北, 155° 34′ 36.84″ 西 Kartographer map based on OpenStreetMap.位於此地的本圖片與其他圖片: OpenStreetMapinfo

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Data source license

These data are made freely available to the public and the scientific community in the belief that their wide dissemination will lead to greater understanding and new scientific insights.

— Pieter Tans, in: NOAA

說明

添加單行說明來描述出檔案所代表的內容
Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations at Mauna Loa, Hawaii since 1958 (plot in English)

在此檔案描寫的項目

描繪內容

檔案來源 Chinese (Taiwan) (已轉換拼寫)

描述地坐標 中文 (已轉換拼寫)

19°32'10.309"N, 155°34'36.840"W

image/svg+xml

檔案歷史

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日期/時間縮⁠圖尺寸使用者備⁠註
目前2023年12月15日 (五) 19:49於 2023年12月15日 (五) 19:49 版本的縮圖708 × 708(434 KB)Oeneisupdate 2023
2022年12月22日 (四) 17:32於 2022年12月22日 (四) 17:32 版本的縮圖708 × 708(428 KB)Oeneis2022 update
2022年8月15日 (一) 08:25於 2022年8月15日 (一) 08:25 版本的縮圖708 × 708(427 KB)Oeneisupdate with 2022 data
2021年12月16日 (四) 22:01於 2021年12月16日 (四) 22:01 版本的縮圖708 × 708(424 KB)Oeneisupdate URLs
2021年12月16日 (四) 19:43於 2021年12月16日 (四) 19:43 版本的縮圖708 × 708(421 KB)Oeneis2021 data
2020年10月31日 (六) 17:52於 2020年10月31日 (六) 17:52 版本的縮圖708 × 708(420 KB)Oeneisupdate data 2020-10-31
2019年7月20日 (六) 14:40於 2019年7月20日 (六) 14:40 版本的縮圖708 × 708(409 KB)Oeneisdata up to 2019-06
2019年1月6日 (日) 11:01於 2019年1月6日 (日) 11:01 版本的縮圖708 × 708(407 KB)Oeneisfull 2018 year data ; data from Scripps due to US gov shutdown
2018年10月21日 (日) 08:57於 2018年10月21日 (日) 08:57 版本的縮圖708 × 708(401 KB)Oeneisdata up to 2018-10
2018年1月20日 (六) 13:49於 2018年1月20日 (六) 13:49 版本的縮圖708 × 708(376 KB)Oeneis1958-2017 data
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