俄羅斯化

俄羅斯化（俄語：русификация，羅馬化：rusifikacija）是指俄羅斯人將其境內非俄羅斯民族進行同化、民族融合的手段。此政策在19世紀的俄羅斯帝國、20世紀的蘇聯和21世紀的俄羅斯聯邦皆採取過，歷史上曾受俄羅斯人統治的波羅的海三國民族、芬蘭人、波蘭人、車臣人與白俄羅斯人、哈薩克人皆曾受到此政策的影響、本國文化受到鎮壓，蘇聯於史達林時期更曾大規模推動此政策，更將軍事佔領的波蘭境內的民族主義者大量屠殺。

"攻擊"(Hyökkäys)，1899年愛德華·伊斯托所繪的油畫，畫中將芬蘭俄羅斯化描繪成一隻雙頭鷹在攻擊芬蘭少女、並且撕毀她的法律書籍.

延伸閲讀

• Anderson, Barbara A., and Brian D. Silver. 1984. "Equality, Efficiency, and Politics in Soviet Bilingual Education Policy: 1934–1980," American Political Science Review 78 (December): 1019–1039.
• Armstrong, John A. 1968. "The Ethnic Scene in the Soviet Union: The View of the Dictatorship," in Erich Goldhagen, Ed., Ethnic Minorities in the Soviet Union (New York: Praeger): 3–49.
• Aspaturian, Vernon V. 1968. "The Non-Russian Peoples," in Allen Kassof, Ed., Prospects for Soviet Society. New York: Praeger: 143–198.
• Azrael, Jeremy R., Ed. 1978. Soviet Nationality Policies and Practices. New York: Praeger.
• Włodzimierz Bączkowski. Russian colonialism: the Tsarist and Soviet empires. New York, Frederick A. Praeger. 1958: 97. 
• Bilinsky, Yaroslav. 1962. "The Soviet Education Laws of 1958–59 and Soviet Nationality Policy," Soviet Studies 14 (Oct. 1962): 138–157.
• Carrère d'Encausse, Hélène. Grand défi (Grand Defile; Bolsheviks and Nations 1917–1930). Warsaw, Most. 1992: 186. 
• Conquest, Robert. The nation killers. Houndmills, Macmillan Press. 1977: 222. ISBN 0-333-10575-3. 
• Andrzej Chwalba. Polacy w służbie Moskali (Poles in the Muscovite Service). Kraków, PWN. 1999: 257. ISBN 83-01-12753-8. 
• Gross, J. T. Revolution from abroad; the soviet conquest of Poland's western Ukraine and western Belorussia. Princeton, Princeton University Press. 2000: 396. ISBN 0-691-09603-1. 
• Gasimov, Zaur (Ed.), Kampf um Wort und Schrift. Russifizierung in Osteuropa im 19.-20. Jahrhundert. Göttingen:V&R 2012.
• Hajda, Lubomyr, and Mark Beissinger, Eds. 1990. The Nationality Factor in Soviet Politics and Society. Boulder, CO: Westview.
• Kaiser, Robert, and Jeffrey Chinn. 1996. The Russians as the New Minority in the Soviet Successor States. Boulder, CO: Westview.
• Karklins, Rasma. 1986. Ethnic Relations in the USSR: The Perspective from Below. Boston and London: Allen & Unwin.
• Kreindler, Isabelle. 1982. "The Changing Status of Russian in the Soviet Union," International Journal of the Sociology of Language 33: 7–39.
• Lewis, E. Glyn. 1972. Multilingualism in the Soviet Union: Aspects of Language Policy and its Implementation. The Hague: Mouton.
• Pavlenko, Aneta. 2008. Multilingualism in Post-Soviet Countries. Multilingual Matters, Tonawanda, NY. ISBN 1-84769-087-4.
• Rodkiewicz, Witold. Russian nationality policy in the Western provinces of the Empire (1863–1905). Lublin, Scientific Society of Lublin. 1998: 295. ISBN 83-87833-06-1. 
• Rouland, Michael. A nation on stage: music and the 1936 Festival of Kazak Arts. In Neil Edmunds, ed., Soviet Music and Society under Lenin and Stalin: The baton and sickle (pp. 181–208). Abingdon & New York, NY: RoutledgeCurzon. 2004. ISBN 978-0-415-30219-7. 
• Serbak, Mykola. Natsional'na politika tsarizmu na pravoberežniy Ukrayni (National Politics of Tsardom in Right-bank Ukraine). Kyiv, Kyiv Shevchenko University Press. 1997: 89. ISBN 5-7763-9036-2. 
• Silver, Brian D. 1974. "The Status of National Minority Languages in Soviet Education: An Assessment of Recent Changes," Soviet Studies 26 (January): 28–40.
• Silver, Brian D. 1986. "The Ethnic and Language Dimensions in Russian and Soviet Censuses," in Ralph S. Clem, Ed., Research Guide to the Russian and Soviet Censuses (Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press): 70–97.
• Leonard Szymański. Zarys polityki caratu wobec szkolnictwa ogólnokształcącego w Królestwie Polskim w latach 1815–1915 (Sketch of the Tsarist Politics Regarding General Education in the Kingdom of Poland Between 1815 and 1915). Wrocław, AWF. 1983: 1982. 
• Thaden, Edward C., Ed. 1981. Russification in the Baltic Provinces and Finland, 1855–1914. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-05314-6
• Weeks, Theodore R. Nation and state in late Imperial Russia: nationalism and Russification on the western frontier, 1863–1914. DeKalb, Northern Illinois University Press. 1996: 297. ISBN 0-87580-216-8. 
• Weeks, Theodore R. Russification and the Lithuanians, 1863–1905. Slavic Review. 2001, 60 (1): 96–114. JSTOR 2697645. S2CID 163956911. doi:10.2307/2697645. 
• Weeks, Theodore R. Russification: Word and Practice 1863–1914 (PDF). Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 2004, 148 (4): 471–489. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于23 May 2012）. 
• Weeks, Theodore R. Russification / Sovietization. Institute of European History. 2011. 
• Wixman, Ronald. 1984. The Peoples of the USSR: An Ethnographic Handbook. New York: M.E. Sharpe and London, Macmillan.
• John Morison (编). Ethnic and national issues in Russian and East European history; selected papers from the Fifth World Congress of Central and East European Studies. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Macmillan Press; New York, St. Martin's Press. 2000: 337. ISBN 0-333-69550-X. 
• Problemy natsional'nogo soznaniâ pol'skogo naseleniâ na Belarusi (Problems of National Identity of Poles in Belarus). Grodno, Society of Poles in Belarus. 2003: 288. 

參閲

• 民族主義
• 德意志化
• 蘇維埃化
• 大民族主义
• 黃俄羅斯計劃

外部連結

• Russification in Lithuania（页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
• The Civic Identity of Russifying Officials in the Empire’s Northwestern Region after 1863 by Mikhail Dolbilov (PDF)
• Permanent mission of Caucasian Institute for Democracy Foundation opened in Tskhinvali – Regnum News Agency (Russia), 9 December 2005
• Tatarstan Rejects Dominant Role of Russians – Kommersant, 6 March 2006