切爾尼亞霍夫文化

切爾尼亞霍夫文化(英語:Chernyakhov culture)約存在於公元2世紀到公元5世紀,分佈的範圍涵蓋了今烏克蘭摩爾多瓦羅馬尼亞波蘭南部。已經會使用犁和鐮刀,所生產的穀物以小麥、大麥及小米為主,牲畜則是以牛為主,養馬則被限制在開闊的草原地。使用火葬或土葬,土葬時多半將死者頭部朝北,沿南北方向擺放,會使用陶器、鐵器、骨梳、個人飾品等作為陪葬品。

  传统约塔兰地区
  维尔巴克文化英语Wielbark Culture,3世纪早期
  切尔尼亚霍夫文化,4世纪早期

參考文獻

编辑
  • Mallory, James P.; Adams, Douglas Q., Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, Taylor & Francis, 1997, ISBN 1884964982 
  • Heather, Peter, The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians, Oxford University Press, 2006, ISBN 0195159543 
  • Eiddon, Iorwerth; Edwards, Stephen; Heather, Peter, Goths & Huns, The Cambridge Ancient History, Cambridge University Press, 1998, ISBN 0521302005 
  • Barford, Paul M, The Early Slavs: Culture and Society in Early Medieval Eastern Europe, Cornell University Press, 2001, ISBN 0801439779 
  • Halsall, Guy, Barbarian migrations and the Roman West, 376-568, Cambridge University Press, 2007, ISBN 0521434912 
  • Curta, Florin, The Making of the Slavs: History and Archaeology of the Lower Danube Region, C. 500-700, Cambridge University Press, 2001, ISBN 0521802024 
  • Matthews, John; Heather, Peter, The Goths in the fourth century, Liverpool University Press, 1991, ISBN 0853234264 
  • Heather, Peter J, The Goths, Wiley-Blackwell, 1998, ISBN 0631209328 
  • Kulikowsky, Michael, Rome's Gothic Wars: from the third century to Alaric, Cambridge University Press, 2007, ISBN 0521846331 
  • Buko, Andrzej, The Archeology of Early Medieval Poland. Discoveries-Hypotheses-Interpretations, Brill, 2008, ISBN 9004162305