奥斯卡最佳女主角奖
獎項
奥斯卡最佳女主角奖（英語：Academy Award for Best Actress）是美国电影艺术与科学学院颁发的一个年度奖项，旨在奖励在电影中有杰出表现的女性主演演员。奖项于1929年的第1届奥斯卡颁奖典礼上首度颁发，获奖者是主演《第七天堂》、《马路天使》和《日出》的珍妮·盖诺[1]。目前，奖项提名人选由学院演员分部成员通过可转移单票制选出，获奖者则由学院全部投票成员通过多数制决定[2]。
| 奥斯卡最佳女主角奖 | |
|---|---|
.jpg) 2020年获奖者法蘭絲·麥杜雯 | |
| 授予对象 | 电影女主演最佳演出 |
| 国家或地区 |  美國 |
| 主办单位 | 美国电影艺术与科学学会 |
| 当前持有 | 法蘭絲·麥杜雯， 《游牧人生》（2020年） |
| 官方网站 | www |
第1到3届奥斯卡金像奖角逐期间，所有提名人都可以因相应年度的多部作品获得同一项提名，这其中最多的达到3部，片名均会列在提名人选的姓名之后[3]:56。不过，在1930年举行的第3届颁奖典礼上，获奖者虽然是因两部电影获得提名，但最终的获奖作品只列出了一部[4]。次年，这套既不实用、又容易造成混乱的制度被新的制度取代，这一新制度也沿用至今，每位男演员均是因单独一部电影中的表演获提名，但仍然可以凭借多部电影获得多项提名[3]:56。从1937年举行的第9届颁奖典礼开始，这一奖项正式固定为每年提名5位人选[3]:56。
截至2020年，共有78位女演员获得过这一奖项，第41屆因凯瑟琳·赫本和芭芭拉·史翠珊兩位票數相同，因此同獲此獎，凯瑟琳·赫本曾4次胜出，是获奖次数最多的女演员。梅丽尔·斯特里普提名次数最多，达17次（其中有两次获奖）。奖项的最近一位胜出者是因《游牧人生》获奖的法蘭絲·麥杜雯。
获奖和提名编辑
以下列表中列出了所有曾获奥斯卡最佳女主角奖及提名的演员、提名影片、获奖年份及颁奖典礼的届数。绝大多数颁奖典礼都是于提名影片在加利福尼亚州洛杉矶县上映的次年举行。[5]:257第1到第5届奖项角逐的电影上映周期则是从8月1日到次年7月31日[3]:52。角逐第6届奖项的电影上映周期很长，从1932年8月1日一直持续到了1933年12月31日[3]:52。从1935年举行的第7届颁奖典礼开始，电影要获得提名资格，则必须是在上一日历年发行，即1月1日至12月31日[3]:52。
玛丽·碧克馥因1929年的《贵妇人》获奖
瑙玛·希拉因1930年的《弃妇怨》获奖
金吉·罗杰斯因1940年的《女人万岁》获奖
琼·芳登因1941年的《深闺疑云》获奖
格蕾丝·凯利因1954年的《乡下姑娘》封后
茜蒙·仙諾因1959年的《金屋淚》獲獎
安妮·班克劳夫特曾5次获提名，并因1962年的《海伦凯勒》封后
芭芭拉·史翠珊因1968年的《滑稽女郎》胜出
西西·史派克曾獲6次提名,並因1980年的《礦工的女兒》一度封后。
.JPG)
杰西卡·兰格先后有5次提名，并因1994年的《蓝色天空》得奖
.jpg)
.jpg)
_(cropped_2).jpg)
.jpg)
 |
获奖者 |
| * | 去世后获奖 |
|---|
獲獎及提名次數编辑
|
以下演员至少曾获奖2次：
|
以下演员至少有过4次提名：
|
年龄纪录编辑
| 纪录 | 姓名 | 片名 | 年龄 | 参考资料 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 最年长的获奖者 | 杰西卡·坦迪 | 《溫馨接送情》（第62屆） | 80 | [101] |
| 最年长的提名者 | 埃玛妞·丽娃 | 《愛‧慕》（第85屆） | 85 | [101] |
| 最年轻的获奖者 | 玛丽·玛特琳 | 《悲憐上帝的女兒》（第59屆） | 21 | [101] |
| 最年轻的提名人 | 奎文赞妮·瓦利斯 | 《南国野兽》（第85屆） | 9 | [101] |
参见编辑
注释编辑
- A1 2 ：根据前3届奥斯卡奖的角逐规则，一位演员可以因多种电影获得同一项提名。葛丽泰·嘉宝和瑙玛·希拉均因两部影片获提名，但现行规则中已经禁止了这种情况。希拉本因两部电影获提名，但获奖时列出的电影只有一部，对此电影艺术与科学学院没有给出正式解释。[102]
- B^ ：贝蒂·戴维斯并没有因《人生的枷锁》获得提名[103]:1002，但由于这年（和次年）有多位富于影响的人为戴维斯宣传，要求给予她提名，所以学院这年放松了规定，允许投票者将她的名字直接写在选票上来参加角逐[103]:1045。严格意义上来说，这意味着任何女演员都有可能因主演相应年份的某部电影获提名，但学院并不正式认可戴维斯的提名[3]:51[103]:65。
- C1 2 ：凯瑟琳·赫本和芭芭拉·史翠珊获得的支持票数完全相同，因此根据学院的规则两人并列获奖[3]:116。
参考文献编辑
- ^ Rule One: Award Definitions (PDF). Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). : 1 [2015-05-06]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2015-04-05）.
- ^ Rule Six: Special Rules for the Acting Awards (PDF). Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). : 8-7 [2015-05-06]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2015-04-05）.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 Levy, Emanuel, All About Oscar: The History and Politics of the Academy Awards, New York, United States: Continuum International Publishing Group, 2003, ISBN 978-0-82641-452-6
- ^ Dirks, Tim. 1929–38 Academy Awards Winners and History. Filmsite (Rainbow Media). [2014-09-30]. （原始内容存档于2014-07-05）.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Crouse, Richard. Reel Winners: Movie Award Trivia. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press. 2005. ISBN 978-1-55002-574-3.
- ^ King, Susan. The Academy to fete Sophia Loren. Los Angeles Times (Tribune Company). 2011-03-28 [2015-05-06]. （原始内容存档于2015-05-06）.
- ^ The 1st Academy Awards (1929) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-06]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
- ^ The 2nd Academy Awards (1930) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-06]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
- ^ Thise, Mark, Hollywood Winners & Loseres A to Z, New York, United States: Limelight Editions: 235, 2008, ISBN 978-0-87910-351-4
- ^ The 3rd Academy Awards (1931) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-06]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
- ^ The 4th Academy Awards (1932) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-06]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
- ^ The 5th Academy Awards (1933) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-06]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
- ^ The 6th Academy Awards (1934) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-06]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
- ^ The 7th Academy Awards (1935) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-06]. （原始内容存档于2011-07-06）.
- ^ The 8th Academy Awards (1936) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-06]. （原始内容存档于2011-07-06）.
- ^ The 9th Academy Awards (1937) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-06]. （原始内容存档于2016-03-21）.
- ^ The 10th Academy Awards (1938) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-06]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
- ^ The 11th Academy Awards (1939) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-06]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
- ^ The 12th Academy Awards (1940) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-06]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
- ^ The 13th Academy Awards (1941) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-06]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
- ^ The 14th Academy Awards (1942) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-06]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
- ^ The 15th Academy Awards (1943) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-06]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
- ^ The 16th Academy Awards (1944) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-06]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
- ^ The 17th Academy Awards (1945) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-06]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
- ^ The 18th Academy Awards (1946) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-06]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
- ^ The 19th Academy Awards (1947) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-06]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
- ^ The 20th Academy Awards (1948) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-06]. （原始内容存档于2016-02-24）.
- ^ The 21st Academy Awards (1949) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-06]. （原始内容存档于2016-03-21）.
- ^ The 22nd Academy Awards (1950) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-06]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
- ^ The 23rd Academy Awards (1951) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-06]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
- ^ The 24th Academy Awards (1952) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-06]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
- ^ The 25th Academy Awards (1953) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-06]. （原始内容存档于2016-03-21）.
- ^ The 26th Academy Awards (1954) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-06]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
- ^ The 27th Academy Awards (1955) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-07]. （原始内容存档于2011-07-06）.
- ^ The 28th Academy Awards (1956) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-07]. （原始内容存档于2011-07-06）.
- ^ The 29th Academy Awards (1957) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-07]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
- ^ The 30th Academy Awards (1958) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-07]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
- ^ The 31st Academy Awards (1959) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-07]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
- ^ The 32nd Academy Awards (1960) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-07]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
- ^ The 33rd Academy Awards (1961) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-07]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
- ^ The 34th Academy Awards (1962) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-07]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
- ^ The 35th Academy Awards (1963) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-07]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
- ^ The 36th Academy Awards (1964) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-07]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
- ^ The 37th Academy Awards (1965) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-07]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
- ^ The 38th Academy Awards (1966) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-07]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
- ^ The 39th Academy Awards (1967) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-07]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
- ^ The 40th Academy Awards (1968) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-07]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
- ^ The 41st Academy Awards (1969) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-07]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
- ^ The 42nd Academy Awards (1970) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-07]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
- ^ The 43rd Academy Awards (1971) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-07]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
- ^ The 44th Academy Awards (1972) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-07]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
- ^ The 45th Academy Awards (1973) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-07]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
- ^ The 46th Academy Awards (1974) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-07]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
- ^ The 47th Academy Awards (1975) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-07]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
- ^ The 48th Academy Awards (1976) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-07]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
- ^ The 49th Academy Awards (1977) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-07]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
- ^ The 50th Academy Awards (1978) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-07]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
- ^ The 51st Academy Awards (1979) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-07]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
- ^ The 52nd Academy Awards (1980) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-07]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
- ^ The 53rd Academy Awards (1980) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-07]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
- ^ The 54th Academy Awards (1982) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-07]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
- ^ The 55th Academy Awards (1983) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-07]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
- ^ The 56th Academy Awards (1984) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-07]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
- ^ The 57th Academy Awards (1985) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-07]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
- ^ The 58th Academy Awards (1986) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-07]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
- ^ The 59th Academy Awards (1987) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-07]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
- ^ The 60th Academy Awards (1988) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-07]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
- ^ The 61st Academy Awards (1989) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-07]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
- ^ The 62nd Academy Awards (1990) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-07]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
- ^ The 63rd Academy Awards (1991) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-08]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
- ^ The 64th Academy Awards (1992) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-08]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
- ^ The 65th Academy Awards (1993) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-08]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
- ^ The 66th Academy Awards (1994) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-08]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
- ^ The 67th Academy Awards (1995) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-08]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
- ^ The 68th Academy Awards (1996) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-08]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
- ^ The 69th Academy Awards (1997) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-08]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
- ^ The 70th Academy Awards (1998) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-08]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
- ^ The 71st Academy Awards (1999) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-08]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
- ^ The 72nd Academy Awards (2000) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-08]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
- ^ The 73rd Academy Awards (2001) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-08]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
- ^ The 74th Academy Awards (2002) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-08]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
- ^ The 75th Academy Awards (2003) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-08]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
- ^ The 76th Academy Awards (2004) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-08]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
- ^ The 77th Academy Awards (2005) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-08]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
- ^ The 78th Academy Awards (2006) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-08]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
- ^ The 79th Academy Awards (2007) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-08]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
- ^ The 80th Academy Awards (2008) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-08]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
- ^ The 81st Academy Awards (2009) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-08]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
- ^ The 82nd Academy Awards (2010) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-08]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
- ^ The 83rd Academy Awards (2011) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-08]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-24）.
- ^ The 84th Academy Awards (2012) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-08]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
- ^ The 85th Academy Awards (2013) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-08]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
- ^ The 86th Academy Awards (2014) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-08]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-16）.
- ^ The 87th Academy Awards (2015) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-01-15]. （原始内容存档于2017-11-02）.
- ^ The 88th Academy Awards (2016) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2016-02-28]. （原始内容存档于2017-09-20）.
- ^ The 89th Academy Awards (2017) Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2017-01-14]. （原始内容存档于2017-11-01）.
- ^ Barnes, Brooks. 2018 Oscar Nominations: ‘The Shape of Water’ Leads With 13 Nominations. The New York Times. 2018-01-23 [2018-01-23]. （原始内容存档于2018-01-24）.
- ^ Hipes, Patrick. Oscar Nominations – The Complete List Of Noms. The New York Times. 2019 [2019-01-22]. ISSN 0362-4331. （原始内容存档于2019-01-22） （美国英语）.
- ^ The 92nd Academy Awards (2020) Nominees. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2020-01-13]. （原始内容存档于2020-02-16）.
- ^ The 93rd Academy Awards (2021) Nominees. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2021-04-26]. （原始内容存档于2021-03-15）.
- ^ 101.0 101.1 101.2 101.3 Oldest/Youngest Acting Nominees and Winners. Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). [2015-05-08]. （原始内容存档于2014-11-12）.
- ^ Rooney, David. On the double-bubble. Variety (Penske Media Corporation). 2003-11-25 [2015-05-08]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-02）.
- ^ 103.0 103.1 103.2 Wiley, Mason; Bona, Damien, Inside Oscar: The Unofficial History of the Academy Awards 5, New York, United States: Ballantine Books, 1996, ISBN 978-0-34540-053-6, OCLC 779680732