小提琴結構
小提琴
琴弦
编辑小提琴的琴弦是在琴橋和弦枕上被拉長,而尾部是固定的,因此能製造出駐波 。其基本頻率 和和音 會因弦的物料、張力、長度、質量、彈性 等因素的優劣而受影響和音色。
琴橋
编辑琴橋支撐琴弦中後部。它一定要在約20磅的下壓力下固定地站立。而琴弦的傾斜度也影響琴橋所承受的下壓力,因此琴弦的傾斜度通常會被設為158°。
琴弓
编辑琴弦的震動主要為琴弓與琴弦間的摩擦。琴弓的弓毛通常以馬毛為素材,而弓身通常會由木頭或合成物質如玻璃纖維或碳纖維合成物。現代琴弓的長度、重量和平衡點都有標準的。當你使用不同的弓拉奏小提琴時,亦會有不同的音色及握弓時的手感。
琴身
编辑琴身主要作用為共鳴箱,擴大琴弦的震動以使聲音能被人聽見。琴身必須夠堅固以承托來自琴弦的張力,但同時又要夠輕和夠薄才能穩定地震動。琴身主要由兩塊拱形的木板,面板和底板組成,而兩旁是以較薄且彎曲的木條組成。在琴身內有一個音柱,作用為將聲波由面板傳到底板。
參考文獻
编辑- Hutchins, M. 1962. The Physics of Music. Scientific American, W. H. Freeman and Company, 1974.
- Hutchins, M. The Acoustics of Violin Plates. Scientific American, vol 245, No. 4. Oct 1981
參考
编辑
延伸阅读
编辑- Askenfelt, A. Observations on the violin bow and the interaction with the string (PDF). STL-QPSR. 1995, 36 (2–3): 23–42. S2CID 17812511. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2019-03-07).
- Bissinger, George. The violin bridge as filter. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 2006, 120 (1): 482–491 [2021-06-06]. Bibcode:2006ASAJ..120..482B. PMID 16875244. doi:10.1121/1.2207576. (原始内容存档于2021-06-06).
- Cremer, Lothar. Physics of the Violin (translation of Physik der Geige by John S. Allen). Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. 1984. ISBN 978-0-262-03102-8.
- Raman, C.V. On the mechanical theory of vibrations of bowed strings and of musical instruments of the violin family. Indian Association of the Cultivation of Science. 1918.
- Saunders, F.A. (October 1937). "The mechanical action of violins", in The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 81–98. (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (May 2020)
- Savart, Félix. Mémoire sur la construction des instrumens à cordes et à archets. Paris: Librairie Encyclopédique de Roret. 1819 [2021-06-06]. OCLC 24148967. (原始内容存档于2021-06-06). (in French)
- Schelleng, John C. The bowed string and the player. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. January 1973, 53 (1): 26–41 [2021-06-06]. Bibcode:1973ASAJ...53...26S. doi:10.1121/1.1913322. (原始内容存档于2022-01-21). (May 2020)
外部連結
编辑- William F. Fry: A Physicist's Quest for the "Secrets" of Stradivari (Wisconsin academy review) (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Path Through the Woods - The Use of Medical Imaging in Examining Historical Instruments The use of computer aided tomography to examine the dendochronology (wood density) of the great Italian instruments in order to replicate their acoustics in modern instruments.