逐底競爭
逐底競爭（英語：Race to the bottom），又譯向下沉淪，競次[1][2][3]；指的是政府放鬆对商业环境的管制以及降低税率，目的是增加各自國家或地區的经济活力和投資吸引力[4]。
政府這種放松管制的做法降低了企业的經營成本，因而位於劳动力成本较高、环境标准较嚴或税收较高的国家/地区的企業可能会遷移至监管较少的国家和地区，这反过来又使劳动力成本较高的國家試圖降低监管，藉此希望該國的企业能繼續留在境內，這會推动各國競相降低最低监管标准[5]。
参考文献 编辑
- ^ 焦点：美国贸易代表提名人戴琪支持使用关税武器反制中国. 路透社. 2021-02-26 [2023-12-29].
终结损害劳工及环境的“竞次(race to the bottom)”做法
- ^ Hannon, Paul; Davidson, Kate. 美国提出的全球最低企业税率赢得国际支持. 華爾街日報. 2021-07-05 [2023-12-29]. （原始内容存档于2023-12-29）.
今天由占全球GDP 90%以上的130个国家和地区达成的协议是一个明确的信号：竞次(race to the bottom)离结束又近了一步。
- ^ 马晓华. 许云峰 , 编. 胡颖廉：食安监管关注底线 也应重视上限. 第一財經. 2017-06-02 [2023-12-29]. （原始内容存档于2023-12-29）.
而忽视了安全的质量，这样会带来一个问题，就是竞次(race to bottom)
- ^ C.W. Racing to the bottom. The Economist. 27 November 2013 [15 March 2016]. （原始内容存档于2018-02-24）.
But the race to the bottom operates more subtly than most people suppose. The regressions suggest that while countries do compete with each other by instituting laws that are unfriendly to workers, such competition is not that pronounced. The real problem is that countries compete by enforcing labour laws less vigorously than they might—leading to increases in violations of labour rights prescribed in local laws. Competition between countries to attract investment is less in rules than in their practical application.
- ^ “The Politics of Multinational Corporations.” International Political Economy, by Thomas Oatley, 6th ed., Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 2019, pp. 183–207.